Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editor
List of Contributors
Section 1 Introduction
	Chapter 1 Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Standard Definition of Nanotechnology
		1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Technology
		1.4 Multi-Disciplinary Nature
		1.5 Ability of Nano-Products to Solve Specific Problems
		1.6 Difficulties to Protect Nanotechnology as Trade Secret
		1.7 Enforcement and Policing
		1.8 Level of Transparency in IP Filing
		1.9 IP Regulatory Bodies and Law Provisions
		1.10 Patent vs. Publication
		1.11 Patent by Third Party
		1.12 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
Section 2 Food and Agricultural Nanotechnology
	Chapter 2 Edible Crop Production by Nanotechnology: Is It a Sustainable Technology for Healthy Soil?
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials in the Soil
		2.3 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in the Agricultural Sector
			2.3.1 Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
			2.3.2 Nanopesticides
			2.3.3 Nanofertilizers
			2.3.4 Nanosensors and Nanocomposites
			2.3.5 Impact on Health, Society, and Economy
		2.4 Nanotechnology to Produce Edible Crops
		2.5 Does Nanotechnology Shape Sustainable Development?
		2.6 What Does Healthy Soil and the Threat Posed by Nanotechnology Mean?
		2.7 Agro-Nanobiotechnology for Sustainable Development
		2.8 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 3 Optimistic Influences of Nanotechnology on Food Security and Agriculture
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Application of Nanotechnology in the Agricultural Sector (at the Production Site)
			3.2.1 Nanopesticides
			3.2.2 Nanonutrients and Nanofertilizers
			3.2.3 Genetic Tool
			3.2.4 Nano-Enhanced Biological Treatment of Agricultural Wastewater
			3.2.5 Nanotechnology in Animal Production and Animal Health
			3.2.6 Improve the Quality of the Soil
		3.3 Applications of Nanotechnology in the Food Sector (at the Marketing Site)
			3.3.1 Food Processing
			3.3.2 Food Packaging
			3.3.3 Food Storage
		References
	Chapter 4 Trichoderma-Based Nanopesticides: Next-Generation Solution for Disease Management
		4.1 Introduction
			4.1.1 Trichoderma
			4.1.2 Nanotechnology
		4.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
			4.2.1 Nanofertilizers
			4.2.2 Nanopesticides
		4.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
			4.3.1 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			4.3.2 Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Trichoderma sp.
			4.3.3 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
			4.3.4 Through Trichoderma reesei
			4.3.5 Through Trichoderma atroviride
			4.3.6 Through Trichoderma koningii
			4.3.7 Through Trichoderma harzianum
		4.4 Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles through Fungus
			4.4.1 Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis by Trichoderma sp.
			4.4.2 Through Trichoderma harzianum
			4.4.3 Through Trichoderma koningii
			4.4.4 Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
			4.4.5 Biosynthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles through Trichoderma
		4.5 Antimicrobial Action of Trichoderma Nanoparticles against Plant Pathogens
			4.5.1 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles
		4.6 Different Techniques and Instrumentation Used for the Characterization of Nanoparticles
			4.6.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
			4.6.2 Electron Microscopy (EM)
			4.6.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
			4.6.4 X-Ray Diffraction
			4.6.5 Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectral (XPS) Techniques
			4.6.6 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
		References
	Chapter 5 Role of Nanopesticides in Agricultural Development
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 What Are Pesticides?
			5.2.1 What Are Nanopesticides?
			5.2.2 Advantages of Nanopesticides
			5.2.3 Types of Nanopesticide Formulations
				5.2.3.1 Nanoemulsion Pesticides
				5.2.3.2 Nanosuspension Pesticides
				5.2.3.3 Nanocapsule Pesticides
				5.2.3.4 Nanoparticle Pesticides
		5.3 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6 Applications and Practices of Myconanoparticles in Food and Agriculture
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi
		6.3 Applications of Fungal MNPs in Food and Agriculture
			6.3.1 Vegetable and Fruit Preservation
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
Section 3 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
	Chapter 7 Core Competencies in Cancer Nanotechnology in Brazil: Contributions of Scientific and Technological Knowledge in the Health Sector
		7.1 Background
		7.2 Knowledge Management and Industrial Property
		7.3 Search Strategy for Identifying Core Competencies in Cancer Nanotechnology in Brazil
		7.4 Core Competencies in Cancer Nanotechnology in Brazil
		7.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8 Disruptive Nanotechnology Implications and Bio-Systems – Boon or Bane?
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Survival Strategies
			8.1.2 How Were Infectious Agents Encountered?
			8.1.3 The Onset of Antimicrobial Resistance
		8.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
			8.2.1 Nanoparticles
			8.2.2 Carbon-Based Materials
			8.2.3 Metal-Based Materials
			8.2.4 Dendrimers
			8.2.5 Composites
			8.2.6 Nanofabrication (Synthesis of Nanomaterials)
				8.2.6.1 Bottom-Up Approach
				8.2.6.2 Top-Down Approach
		8.3 Integration of Nano with Biological Systems
			8.3.1 Man vs. Metals
			8.3.2 Engineering of Silver Nanoparticles
			8.3.3 Nanobiotechological Aspects (Bio-Nanofactories)
			8.3.4 Drug Delivery System
				8.3.4.1 Virus as a Vector
				8.3.4.2 Nanobacteria and Nanobes
				8.3.4.3 Magnetotactic Bacteria
			8.3.5 Nanotechnology-Based Products
		8.4 Right to Nanotechnology
			8.4.1 Nanotechnology Milestones
			8.4.2 Need for IPR
			8.4.3 How Does Nano IPR Vary from Biotechnology IPR
			8.4.4 Pitfalls of Nanotechnology for IPR
		8.5 Nanotechnology Regulations across the Globe
		8.6 Environmental and Health Hazards Management
		8.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9 Nanocellulose Application in Encapsulation and Controlled Drug Release
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Cellulose
		9.3 Nanocellulose
			9.3.1 Cellulose Nanofibers
			9.3.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals
			9.3.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose
		9.4 Controlled Release of Drugs
			9.4.1 Obtaining Pharmaceutical Formulas
				9.4.1.1 Hot Melt Extrusion
				9.4.1.2 Spray-Drying
				9.4.1.3 Freeze-Drying
			9.4.2 In Vitro Drug Release Test
		9.5 Nanocellulose in the Pharmaceutical Field
			9.5.1 Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanocellulose for Drug Release
			9.5.2 Nanocellulose Improving Drug Solubility
			9.5.3 Toxicological Tests in Nanocellulose
		9.6 Final Considerations
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 10 Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities for India’s Nano-Bio-Yatra
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Nanomedicine: Unlimited Potential in a Small Package
		10.3 Nanomedicine Developments in India
		10.4 Effective Intellectual Property (IP) Protection for Nanomedicines – Giving Scientists and Nanomedicine Entrepreneurs the Tools for Success
		10.5 Reintroducing Product Patent Protection for Medicine: The WTO TRIPS Agreement
		10.6 Data Protection/Exclusivity for Commercially Valuable Clinical Data
			10.6.1 TRIPS Section 7: Article 39
		10.7 Taking Soundings of Modi Government’s IP Reforms
		10.8 Conclusion
		Notes
	Chapter 11 Minimizing Negative Long-Term Occurrences in Nanotechnology Development
		11.1 Introduction
			11.1.1 Safety
				11.1.1.1 Material Characterization
				11.1.1.2 Nanomaterial Properties
				11.1.1.3 Potential Hazards
			11.1.2 Nanotechnology Safety (Nano-Safety)
		11.2 Issues Requiring Nano-Safety
			11.2.1 How Are People Impacted?
			11.2.2 How to Address the Challenges? – Ethics
		11.3 What Needs to Be Done?
			11.3.1 Material and Equipment
		11.4 Implementation and Training of Nano-Safety
			11.4.1 Developed Educational Programs
				11.4.1.1 Nanotechnology Safety Seminar
				11.4.1.2 College/University Courses
				11.4.1.3 Two-Year Program
				11.4.1.4 Certification
		11.5 Summary
		Acknowledgments
		Notes
	Chapter 12 Impact of Nanomaterials on Human Health through/via Food Chain
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Accumulation of Nanoparticles in Crop Plants
		12.3 Human Exposure to Nanomaterials
			12.3.1 Toxicological Studies of Metallic Nanoparticles
			12.3.2 Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanomaterials
		12.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		Conflict of Interest
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 13 Patenting Issues in the Development of Nanodrugs
		Abbreviations
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Patents
			13.2.1 Innovation vs Invention
			13.2.2 Intellectual Property Rights
			13.2.3 Patents in Various Countries
			13.2.4 Limitation of Patent Rights
			13.2.5 Classification of Patentability
			13.2.6 Criteria of Patentability
			13.2.7 Types of Pharmaceutical Patents in India
			13.2.8 Transfer of the Patent Rights
		13.3 Nanotechnology in Drug Design and Development
			13.3.1 Emerging Technology in Medicine
			13.3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			13.3.3 Nanotoxicity
		13.4 Nanoparticles in Drug Design and Development
			13.4.1 Nanoparticles
			13.4.2 Particles Therapy
			13.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
			13.4.4 Polymer Nanoparticles
			13.4.5 Gold Nanoparticles
			13.4.6 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
			13.4.7 Quantum Dots
		13.5 Nanotechnology Patents in Drugs and Diagnosis
			13.5.1 Nanocrystals Patents in Drug Delivery
			13.5.2 Iron Oxide Nanaoparticle Patents in Drug Delivery
			13.5.3 Graphene Quantum Dots Patents
			13.5.4 GQDs Patents in Imaging
		13.6 Issues in the Nanodrug Patents
			13.6.1 Monitoring of Nanodrugs
			13.6.2 Challenges Related to Nanodrugs
			13.6.3 Issues in the Interactions of Nanodrugs and Biology
			13.6.4 Issues Related to IPR
			13.6.5 Issues in the Standards of Nanomaterials
		13.7 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Chapter 14 A Survey of Recent Nanotechnology-Related Patents for Treatment of Tuberculosis
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Global TB Report
		14.3 M. tuberculosis (Mtb)
		14.4 Drug Resistance
			14.4.1 MDR (Multidrug-Resistant) TB
			14.4.2 XDR (Extensively Drug-Resistant) TB
			14.4.3 TDR (Totally Drug-Resistant) TB
		14.5 Mechanism of Infection
		14.6 Currently Available Treatment for TB
			14.6.1 First-Line Drug Therapy
			14.6.2 Second-Line Drug Therapy
			14.6.3 Third-Line Drugs
			14.6.4 Bacteriophage Enzymes as Anti-TB Agents
			14.6.5 Nanotechnology Approach
				14.6.5.1 Nanoliposomes (NLPs)
				14.6.5.2 Nanoparticles
				14.6.5.3 Ligand-Conjugated Anti-TB Drug
				14.6.5.4 Microemulsions
				14.6.5.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
				14.6.5.6 Alginate Nanoparticles (ANPs)
		14.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15 A Patent Landscape of the Emerging Nanomolecules for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Immune Biology of Leishmaniasis
		15.3 Treatment of Leishmaniasis and Its Limitations
			15.3.1 Failure of Treatment of Leishmaniasis
			15.3.2 Alternatives for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis by the Use of Nanoparticles
		15.4 Conclusion
		15.5 Future Prospects
		Acknowledgement
		References
Section 4 Industrial Nanotechnology
	Chapter 16 Intellectual Property Issues in Industrial Nanotechnology
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Nanotechnology in Major Economies
			16.2.1 United States
			16.2.2 European Union
				16.2.2.1 United Kingdom
		16.3 Intellectual Property and Related Concepts
			16.3.1 Patents
			16.3.2 Copyright
			16.3.3 Trademark
			16.3.4 Trade Secrets
		16.4 The Importance of Intellectual Property in Nanotechnology
		16.5 Applications of Nanotechnology in Industry
			16.5.1 Sanitation and Health Sector Products
				16.5.1.1 Dust-Absorbing Mask
				16.5.1.2 Hospital Disinfection (Nanobiocide)
				16.5.1.3 Sunscreens, Brightening, and Anti-Wrinkle Creams
				16.5.1.4 Antibacterial Insoles Containing Silver Nanoparticles
				16.5.1.5 Nanosilver Colloid Surface Disinfectant
			16.5.2 Water, Sewage, and Environment Sector Products
				16.5.2.1 Halophilic Ultrafiltration Nanocomposite Membranes
				16.5.2.2 UF, MF, and NF Ceramic Membranes
				16.5.2.3 Domestic Gray Water Purifier Using Ceramic Nanostructured Membranes
			16.5.3 Paint, Resin, and Composite Products
				16.5.3.1 Anticorrosion Powder Paint Containing Silica Nanoparticles (Improved Corrosion Resistance)
				16.5.3.2 Self-Cleaning Waterborne Paint
				16.5.3.3 Antibacterial Waterborne Acrylic Paint
				16.5.3.4 UV Curing Acrylate Coating Containing Silica Nanoparticles
				16.5.3.5 Nanoclay Containing Traffic Color for Increased Abrasion Resistance
				16.5.3.6 Epoxy Paint Containing Nanoscale Materials to Increase Corrosion Resistance
				16.5.3.7 Masterbatch Containing Nanoparticles Polyethylene-Based with High Mechanical Properties (ADFIL 230)
				16.5.3.8 Antibacterial Polyamide (PA) Masterbatch Containing Nanoparticles
			16.5.4 Nanocoating Products
				16.5.4.1 Physical Coating Steam Device with Hybrid Technology
				16.5.4.2 Industrial Coating Device with 1,600 Sputtering Method
				16.5.4.3 Nanocomposite Nanolayer Coatings, Ultra-Hard, Wear-Resistant, and Erosion-Resistant on the Surfaces of a Variety of Cutting and Shearing Tools
				16.5.4.4 Hard Nanoscale Coating on Aluminum Extrusion Molding
		16.6 Infringement of Intellectual Property in Nanotechnology Industries
			16.6.1 Patent Infringement
			16.6.2 Copyright Infringement
			16.6.3 Trademark Infringement
			16.6.4 Trade Secret Misappropriation
		References
	Chapter 17 Nanotechnology in the Philippines: Status and Intellectual Property Rights Issues
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Applications
		17.3 Philippine Roadmap on Nanotechnology (2017–2022)
		17.4 Nanotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights
			17.4.1 The Increasing Trend of Upstream Research Patents in Nanotechnology
			17.4.2 The Multidisciplinary Nature and Multi-Industry Application of Nanotechnology Patents
			17.4.3 Complexity in Classifying Nanotechnology Inventions
		17.5 Nanotechnology Patents in the Philippines
		References
	Chapter 18 Measurement Techniques for Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Preparation of Nanofluids
		18.3 Measurement Techniques for Thermal Conductivity
			18.3.1 Transient Hotwire Method
			18.3.2 Thermal Constants Analyzer Technique
			18.3.3 Steady-State Parallel-Plate Method
			18.3.4 3ω Method
		18.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19 Nanotechnology Industry: Scenario of Intellectual Property Rights
		19.1 Introduction
			19.1.1 Criteria for Nanotechnology Patent Invention
		19.2 Understanding Patent Potentiality and Limitations in the Nanotechnology Domain
			19.2.1 The Importance of IPR
			19.2.2 The Interdisciplinary Nature of the Nanotechnology Domain
			19.2.3 Complicated IP Issues in Nanotechnology
			19.2.4 Diversification of the Nanotechnology Field and Understanding Patent Law
			19.2.5 Advantages of Patents
			19.2.6 Patent Practice for Nanotechnology
		19.3 Scenario of Nanotechnology Patents in Various Industries and Their Impact
			19.3.1 Patents in Materials Science Industry
			19.3.2 Patents in Nanomedicine and the Health Industry
			19.3.3 Patents in the Biotechnology Industry
			19.3.4 Patents in the Environment Industry
			19.3.5 Patents in Agriculture and Food Industry
			19.3.6 Patents in the Pharmaceutical Industry
			19.3.7 Patent Landscaping
			19.3.8 Scenario of Nanotechnology Patents at the Global Level
		19.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20 A Mass Approach towards Carbon Nanotubes in the Field of Nanotechnology
		Abbreviations
		20.1 Carbon Nanotubes
		20.2 Structure, Spectra, and Characterization
		20.3 Types of CNTs
		20.4 Production Strategies for CNTs
		20.5 Dispersion of CNTs: The Bridge from Raw CNTs to Ripened CNTs
		20.6 Types of Functionalization of CNTs
			20.6.1 Non-Covalent Functionalization
			20.6.2 Covalent Functionalization
		20.7 CNT-Based Nanocomposites
			20.7.1 Types of CNT Composites
				20.7.1.1 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNC)
				20.7.1.2 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNC)
				20.7.1.3 Metal and Metal Oxide Matrix Nanocomposites (MMNC)
		20.8 CNTs: Finally Moving out of the Lab; Patenting and Industrialization
			20.8.1 Patent Claim Validity and Scope
			20.8.2 Global Sketch of Patenting CNTs
				20.8.2.1 Production Analysis
		20.9 Conclusion
		References
Index