Intellectual Property and Human Development: Current Trends and Future Scenarios

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Boxes......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Foreword......Page 19
Preface......Page 23
Acknowledgements......Page 27
Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 31
Scope and aims......Page 37
Background and methodology......Page 40
Structure of the book......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 51
Introduction......Page 53
1. The expanding matrix of intellectual property rights......Page 57
2. Rationales, checks and balances......Page 68
3. Capabilities and innovation......Page 79
4.1. Rights-based and other approaches to development......Page 88
5. Conclusion: Re-posing the questions......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
Introduction......Page 112
1. Overview of intellectal property issues and trends relating to health......Page 113
1.1. Trends in pharmaceutical patenting and their implications for new innovations and generic production......Page 116
1.2. Compulsory licensing and government use......Page 123
1.3. Revisiting exclusions from patentability under the TRIPS Agreement......Page 125
1.4. Exceptions to exclusive patent rights......Page 127
1.5. Price controls, competition regulation and parallel imports restrictions......Page 128
1.6. Appropriate technology transfer......Page 132
1.7. Proliferation of regional and bilateral trade agreements......Page 133
1.8. IP management and licensing for public-funded research......Page 134
2. Strategies and public-private initiatives for research into new medicines and vaccines......Page 136
3.1. The IP and health component of the EPO scenarios......Page 140
3.2. The UNAIDS scenario planning on AIDS in Africa as it relates to IP......Page 143
3.3. Some thoughts on the scenarios......Page 145
4. Conclusion......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 148
Introduction......Page 155
1. The right to food: A conceptual and legal background......Page 158
2. Trends in agricultural innovation and technology: The impact on farming communities in developing countries......Page 164
3.1. Patents......Page 169
3.2. Plant variety protection......Page 172
4. Enclosure of the commons and some reactions......Page 175
4.1. The Convention on Biological Diversity......Page 176
4.2. The FAO International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)......Page 177
5. The challenges ahead for developing countries: Ensuring better use of genetic resources and more targeted research and development......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 183
Introduction......Page 191
1. Fundamental concepts and distinctions in the legal protection of traditional knowledge......Page 192
2. Transmission and loss of traditional knowledge......Page 194
3. Principal international agreements relevant to the legal protection of traditional knowledge......Page 195
4. Trends in the legal protection of traditional knowledge......Page 200
4.1. Existing means for extending IP protection to traditional knowledge......Page 201
4.2. National and regional traditional knowledge protection models......Page 208
4.3. Development of harmonized international approaches to the legal protection of traditional knowledge......Page 213
5. Conclusion......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 220
1. Concepts and definitions......Page 227
2. Circulation and commodification of traditional cultural expressions......Page 230
3. Limited protection of traditional cultural expressions through copyright, moral rights and design rights......Page 236
4. Labels denoting origin and other characteristics......Page 240
4.1. Trademarks, collective marks and certification marks......Page 241
4.2. Geographical indications......Page 245
4.3. Third-party use of indigenous insignia and motifs on products......Page 248
5. Fixing or innovating?......Page 250
6. Some sui generis forms of protection for traditional cultural expressions......Page 253
7. Use of codes of ethics and protocols to supplement legal provisions......Page 259
8. Conclusion......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 264
Introduction......Page 270
1. Linking intellectual property to development......Page 271
2. Linking development to capabilities......Page 274
3. Linking capabilities to educational access......Page 277
4. Linking educational access to copyright......Page 281
5. Substantive equality: Copyright and capability for basic education......Page 285
REFERENCES......Page 293
Introduction......Page 302
1. Technology, education and copyright......Page 303
2.1. Changes in production methods of primary source materials and the introduction of new products......Page 306
2.2. Changes in modes of accessing information: Digital content, new devices and new pedagogies......Page 308
2.3. Changes in modes of distribution and their impact on conventional publishing......Page 310
3.1. Legislative convergence on copyright subject matter......Page 313
3.2. Copyright implementation and technical assistance......Page 314
3.3. Increased copyright enforcement......Page 316
3.4. More multilateral and national emphasis on copyright limitations and exceptions......Page 319
3.5. Consolidated strategies for access to knowledge......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 326
Introduction......Page 331
1. Some concepts and definitions......Page 332
2. Cultural rights and intellectual property rights......Page 334
3. Emerging framework of protection for cultural diversity......Page 338
4.1. Corporations and creators as copyright holders......Page 341
4.2. Uneven protection amongst regions and sectors......Page 345
5. Public access to cultural works: Nurturing capabilities for creative expression......Page 350
5.1. Copyright exceptions and free expression......Page 351
6. Changing notions of authorship......Page 360
7. Technology as a driving force for change......Page 362
7.1. Movements supporting ‘incremental’ modes of creation......Page 364
8. Some scenarios and reflections for the future......Page 366
9. Conclusion......Page 371
REFERENCES......Page 372
1. Scenario planning and intellectual property......Page 381
2. Intellectual property in the year 2025......Page 382
2.1. European Patent Office scenarios on the future of IP......Page 383
2.2. Analysis of EPO scenarios......Page 386
3. The future of the public domain: Scenario analysis......Page 388
4. Challenges and opportunities from new technology......Page 394
4.1. Alternative futures: Biotechnology and agricultural systems......Page 395
4.2. Climate change and clean energy technology......Page 397
4.3. Information technology and the Internet......Page 398
5. Scenario planning and the Development Agenda......Page 402
5.1. Some background on the Development Agenda......Page 403
5.2. The new Development Agenda......Page 404
5.3. Scenario planning as a potential process for building the Development Agenda......Page 406
6. Conclusion......Page 409
REFERENCES......Page 411
APPENDIX A: Capability, opulence and utility......Page 419
APPENDIX B: Exploring alternative, collaborative models of innovation for medicines and vaccines......Page 421
1. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) and non-profit pharmaceutical companies......Page 422
2. Medical R&D treaty and prize funds......Page 423
3. Advanced market commitments......Page 424
4. Patent pools......Page 425
5. Open source medicine......Page 426
APPENDIX C: Strategies and laws to promote traditional medicinal knowledge......Page 428
Non-voluntary licence......Page 431
Specific statutory educational use exception∗∗......Page 432
Specific statutory educational use exception∗∗......Page 433
Specific statutory education use exception......Page 434
1. The threshold for copyright protection......Page 435
2. The idea/expression dichotomy......Page 436
4. Copyright exceptions and appropriation art......Page 437
5. Moral rights......Page 438
6. Multimedia works......Page 439
Index......Page 441