Intellectual Property and Development: Lessons from Recent Economic Research (Trade and Development)

CONTENTS......Page 7
Editors’ Preface......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 15
1 Why We Study Intellectual Property Rights and What We Have Learned......Page 17
Part I INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, TRADE, FDI, AND INTERNATIONAL LICENSING......Page 33
2 How Stronger Protection of Intellectual Property Rights Affects International Trade Flows......Page 35
3 The Role of Intellectual Property Rights in Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Transfer......Page 57
4 Intellectual Property Rights and U.S. and German International Transactions in Manufacturing Industries......Page 91
5 Intellectual Property Rights and Licensing: An Econometric Investigation......Page 127
6 The Composition of Foreign Direct Investment and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights: Evidence from Transition Economies......Page 149
Part II INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY EXHAUSTION AND PARALLEL TRADE......Page 185
7 Entering the Jungle of Intellectual Property Rights Exhaustion and Parallel Importation......Page 187
8 Parallel Imports in a Model of Vertical Distribution: Theory, Evidence, and Policy......Page 205
9 Developing and Distributing Essential Medicines to Poor Countries: The DEFEND Proposal......Page 223
Part III INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, MARKET STRUCTURE, AND INNOVATION......Page 241
10 Patent Protection, Transnational Corporations, and Market Structure: A Simulation Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Indus......Page 243
11 Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights in Lebanon......Page 275
12 Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development in China......Page 311
INDEX......Page 349
8.1 Wholesale Price and Parallel Imports......Page 211
8.2 Profits and Trade Costs......Page 213
8.3 Social Surplus......Page 214
2.1 Definition of High-Technology Aggregate......Page 40
2.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimates for Total Nonfuel Imports......Page 43
2.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimates for Total Nonfuel Exports......Page 45
2.4 Maximum Likelihood Estimates for High-Technology Imports......Page 47
2.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimates for High-Technology Exports......Page 49
3.1 Total FDI Flows, Selected Countries (US$ million)......Page 60
3.2 Net Receipts on Royalties, License Fees, Business Services, and Direct Investment Income, Selected Countries (US$ million......Page 62
3.3 U.S. FDI Position in Selected Countries (US$ million)......Page 63
3.4 U.S. FDI Position by Major Sector in Selected Countries, 1994 (US$ million)......Page 65
3.5 Indicators of Multinational Activity in U.S. High-Technology Industries, 1989......Page 68
3.6 Percentage of Firms Claiming that the Strength or Weakness of IPRs Has a Strong Effect on Whether Direct Investments Will Be Made,by Type of F cility,1991......Page 73
3.7 Percentage of Firms Claiming that Intellectual Property  Protection Is Too Weak to Permit Types of Investment, 1991......Page 74
3.8 Elasticities of Modes of Supply with Respect to Domestic Characteristics and Policies......Page 80
4.1 U.S. International Transactions in Total Manufacturing: Ordinary Least Squares Estimates......Page 99
4.2 U.S. International Transactions in Total Manufacturing: Maximum Likelihood Estimates......Page 100
4.3 U.S. International Transactions in Individual Manufacturing Industries: OLS Estimates......Page 102
4.4 U.S. International Transactions in Four Manufacturing Industries: Pooled Ordinary Least Squares Estimates......Page 105
4.5 U.S. Arm’s-Length Exports and Sales by Affiliates in Total Manufacturing: OLS Estimates......Page 108
4.6 U.S. Arm’s-Length Exports and Sales by Affiliates in Individual Manufacturing Industries: OLS Estimates......Page 109
4.7 U.S. Arm’s-Length Exports and Sales by Affiliates in Three Manufacturing Industries: Pooled OLS Estimates......Page 111
4.8 German Total Exports and FDI Stocks in Four Manufacturing Industries: Pooled OLS Estimates......Page 114
4.9 German Receipts for Patents, Inventions, and Processes in Six Manufacturing Categories: Tobit Maximum Likelihood Estimate......Page 117
5.1 Summary Statistics and Correlation Coefficients (NT=69)......Page 137
5.2 Estimation of Determinants of Licensing Volumes......Page 138
5.3 Fixed-Effects Model with Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Standard Errors......Page 144
6.1 Measures of IPR Protection......Page 157
6.2 IPR Index Based on IIPA Special 301 Watch List Recommendations......Page 158
6.3 Probit Results with Ginarte-Park Index of Patent Rights Protection......Page 161
6.4 Probit Results with IPR Index......Page 164
6.5 Bivariate Probit with Sample Selection: Manufacturing versus Distribution Projects (Ginarte-Park Index)......Page 168
6.6 Bivariate Probit with Sample Selection: Manufacturing vs. Distribution Projects (IPR Index)......Page 172
6.A.1 Results of OLS Regressions......Page 176
6.A.2 Multinomial Logit Results: Manufacturing versus Distribution Projects versus No FDI......Page 178
8.1 Summary of Exhaustion Regimes......Page 209
8.2 Product Categories......Page 217
8.3 Estimation of Vertical Pricing Model......Page 219
9.1 Deaths and DALYs Caused by HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria, 1999 (thousands)......Page 227
9.2 International Price Comparison for a Selection of HIV/AIDS Drugs: Prices in South Africa, Sweden, and the United States,......Page 229
9.3 International Price Comparison for a Selection of HIV/AIDS Drugs: Prices as a Share of GDP Per Capita (percent)......Page 230
10.1 Quinolones: Overview......Page 255
10.2 Hypotensives: Overview......Page 256
10.3 Quinolones—Calibrated Weight Parameters......Page 258
10.5 Quinolones—Average Profit Margins (percent)......Page 259
10.6 Hypotensives—Average Profit Margins (percent)......Page 260
10.7 Quinolones—Simulation......Page 262
10.8 Hypotensives—Simulation......Page 263
10.9 Quinolones—Simulated Consumer Welfare Losses (Rs thousands)......Page 265
10.10 Hypotensives—Simulated Consumer Welfare Losses (Rs thousands)......Page 266
11.1 Static Effects of Stronger Patent and Trademark Protection on Pharmaceuticals Firms......Page 286
11.2 Simulated Effects of Stronger Copyrights on Software......Page 295
11.3 Effects of Stronger Copyrights on Printing and Publishing......Page 300
11.4 Effects of Stronger Copyrights on Music and Video, and Film Industries......Page 303
12.1 Estimates of Percentage Piracy Rates for Copyright Goods, 1996–97......Page 320
12.2 Patent Applications by Type and Nationality, 1990–2000......Page 331
12.3 Patent Grants by Type and Nationality, 1990–2000......Page 332
12.4 Patenting Indicators for Top 11 Patenting Regions, 1985–96......Page 333
12.5 Trademark Applications and Registrations......Page 334
12.6 Trademarking Indicators for Top 10 Trademarking Regions, 1996......Page 335
12.7 International Comparisons of Science and Technology Indicators, Recent Years......Page 336
12.8 Science and Technology Indicators by Region, 1995......Page 337