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دانلود کتاب Integrity Of Scientific Research: Fraud, Misconduct And Fake News In The Academic, Medical And Social Environment

دانلود کتاب صداقت تحقیقات علمی: تقلب، سوء رفتار و اخبار جعلی در محیط دانشگاهی، پزشکی و اجتماعی

Integrity Of Scientific Research: Fraud, Misconduct And Fake News In The Academic, Medical And Social Environment

مشخصات کتاب

Integrity Of Scientific Research: Fraud, Misconduct And Fake News In The Academic, Medical And Social Environment

ویرایش: [1 ed.] 
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 3030996794, 9783030996802 
ناشر: Springer 
سال نشر: 2022 
تعداد صفحات: 587 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 15 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 29,000



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توجه داشته باشید کتاب صداقت تحقیقات علمی: تقلب، سوء رفتار و اخبار جعلی در محیط دانشگاهی، پزشکی و اجتماعی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.


توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب صداقت تحقیقات علمی: تقلب، سوء رفتار و اخبار جعلی در محیط دانشگاهی، پزشکی و اجتماعی

این کتاب یک رویکرد علمی و اخلاقی به همه اشکال تقلب و سوء رفتار با تمرکز بر توصیف علمی اما عمل محور مشکلات، ریشه ها و راه حل های بالقوه ارائه می دهد. گروهی از کارشناسان بین‌المللی که در بخش‌های اختصاصی سازماندهی شده‌اند، به‌طور سیستماتیک رایج‌ترین اشکال سوء رفتار، نوشتن ارواح، شبه علم، آزمایش‌های مشکوک، مجلات غارتگرانه، اخبار جعلی، بدرفتاری و آزار و اذیت، در تحقیقات، نشریات، در موسسات دانشگاهی و در محیط حرفه ای و بهداشتی تمرکز ویژه به مداخلات اصلاحی و نقش پیشگیری، آموزش و آموزش داده شده است. این کتاب که در محدوده خود جامع است، یک مرور کلی آسان به همراه تعدادی از موارد واقعی را برای پرسنل با تجربه و مبتدی به طور یکسان ارائه می دهد. اهمیت یکپارچگی علمی و اخلاق پژوهشی طی چند سال اخیر افزایش یافته و کمیته‌ها و دفاتر اخلاق به بخشی جدایی ناپذیر در دانشگاه‌ها، بیمارستان‌ها، مؤسسات تحقیقاتی، سازمان‌های دولتی و سازمان‌های خصوصی بزرگ در سراسر جهان تبدیل شده‌اند. بنابراین، این کتاب یک مرور کلی ضروری و جامع در سراسر رشته ها و برای همه افراد شاغل در تحقیقات و موسسات وابسته ارائه می دهد.


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

This book provides a scientific and ethical approach to all forms of fraud and misconduct focusing on a scholarly however practice-oriented description of the problems, roots and potential solutions. Organized in dedicated parts, an international team of experts systematically analyzes the most prevalent forms of misconduct, ghost writing, pseudo-science, dubious trials, predatory journals, fake news, mistreatment and harassment, in research, publications, at academic institutions, and in the professional and healthcare environment. A special focus is given to corrective interventions and the role of prevention, education and training. Comprehensive in its scope, the book offers an easy-to-read overview along with a number of real cases for experienced and novice personnel alike. The significance of scientific integrity and research ethics increased during the last couple of years and ethic committees and offices have become an integral part at universities, hospitals, research institutions, government agencies and major private organizations all over the world. Thus, this book provides an indispensable, comprehensive overview across disciplines and for everybody working in research and affiliated institutions.



فهرست مطالب

Foreword
Preface
	Additional Reading
Contents
Part I: Introduction
	1: Past and Current Status of Scientific, Academic, and Research Fraud
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Variants of Fraud and Misconduct
		1.3 Integrity in Scientific Publication
		1.4 Retractions in the Past
		1.5 Do ``Honest Mistakes´´ Exist?
		1.6 How Should Fraud Be Managed?
		References
	2: Research Integrity: The Roles of Academicians, Their Institutions, and Other Agencies
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Prevention and Treatment of Academic Fraud
		2.3 Collaborations of Academician and Academic Institutions with Medical Journals
		2.4 Collaborations of Academicians and Academic Institutions with the Press
		2.5 Collaborations of Academicians and Academic Institutions with Industry
		2.6 Missed Opportunities at Two Outstanding US Academic Institutions
		2.7 Conclusions
		References
	3: Indictment or Information Can Lie: Post-Truth in Science
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Historical Roots of Fake News and Misinformation
		3.3 The Origins of Post-Truth
		3.4 The Effect of Post-Truth on Science and Medicine
			3.4.1 The Environmental Cost of Misinformation
			3.4.2 Conspiratorial Beliefs of Anti-vaccination
				3.4.2.1 The Role of the Social Media
			3.4.3 The Infodemic on COVID-19
				3.4.3.1 Unproven Therapeutic Protocols
		3.5 A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach to Post-Truth
			3.5.1 New Channels and Messages
		References
	4: Legislation on Research Misconduct: Rationales and Reflections-A Swedish Perspective
		4.1 Introduction: The Macchiarini Case
			4.1.1 Personal Experience
		4.2 Macchiarini´s Legacy: New Legislation on Research Misconduct
			Box 4.1 Key Items in the Swedish Act on Research Misconduct [29]
			4.2.1 Limited Scope
		4.3 The National Board for Assessment of Research Misconduct
			4.3.1 Ongoing Impact
		4.4 Penalties Are Not Included
			4.4.1 Applicability of Ordinary Legislation
			4.4.2 Incarceration for Ethical Failures
			4.4.3 Professional Versus Criminal Sanctions
			4.4.4 Psychological Profile
			4.4.5 High Rollers
		4.5 Prevention: How Can Universities and Journals Contribute?
			4.5.1 Zero Tolerance Culture
			4.5.2 The Role of Journals
				4.5.2.1 Will Scientific Journals Report Suspected Cases of Research Misconduct to the New Board?
		4.6 Whistleblowing, a High-Risk Undertaking, Now with Improved Legal Protection
			4.6.1 The Sudbø Affair
			4.6.2 Hans Eysenck
			4.6.3 The Hostile Atmosphere Against Whistleblowing
				Box 4.2 Main Points in the EU Whistleblower ProtectionDirective Applied to National Legislation as Proposed by a Swedish Gover...
		4.7 Future Directions
			4.7.1 Statistical Analyses to Detect Research Misconduct
			4.7.2 Disclosure of Image Duplication and Manipulation
		References
Part II: Accountability of Scientific Teams
	5: Publishing, Perishing, and the Infodemic of Fake Science
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Shaky Science for Everyday Life
			5.2.1 Science Publishing and Assessment
		5.3 Publication Weaknesses
		5.4 The Epidemic of Predatory Journals
		5.5 Trustworthy Journal Classification
		5.6 Self-Correcting Science?
			5.6.1 Science Through the Media
		5.7 The Pervasive Invasion of Electronic Media
		5.8 Illusory Truths
		5.9 Reputable and Traditional Guidance
		5.10 User Engagement Tricks
		5.11 Trolls and Bots
			5.11.1 Knowledge Deficit Solutions
		5.12 Science Literacy Pitfalls
		5.13 Engagement Models
		5.14 Ongoing Pitfalls
		5.15 Shared Initiatives
			5.15.1 Framing the Story of Science
		5.16 To Win, Understand Your Enemy
		5.17 Persuasive Language: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
		5.18 Immediacy and Personal Relevance
		5.19 Institutional Commitment
		References
	6: Policies and Ethical Challenges in Social Science Research
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Core Values of Research
			6.2.1 Scientific Misconduct
				6.2.1.1 A Protean Question
		6.3 Understanding Scientific Misconduct in Social Sciences
			6.3.1 Falsification
			6.3.2 Fabrication
			6.3.3 Plagiarism
		6.4 Some Ethical Challenges to Social Research
			6.4.1 Influence of Bias
			6.4.2 Scientific Validity
			6.4.3 Maintaining Methodological Rigor
			6.4.4 Reactive Nature of Field Research
			6.4.5 Ethical Protection of Participants
				6.4.5.1 Ethical Repercussions on the Investigator
		6.5 Measures in Place to Address Scientific Misconduct
			6.5.1 Institutional Review Board (IRB)
			6.5.2 Training
			6.5.3 Peer Review
		6.6 Concluding Remarks
		References
	7: Pseudoscience During the COVID-19 Pandemic
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-science
		7.3 The Pseudoscientification of Science
			7.3.1 Hydroxychloroquine
			7.3.2 Plasma Transfusions
			7.3.3 Remdesivir
			7.3.4 Povidone-Iodine Disinfectant
			7.3.5 Further Events
		7.4 The Structural Problem of Science
			7.4.1 Preprint and Mass Publication Culture
			7.4.2 Press Releases of Research Results
			7.4.3 Drug Approval System in Crisis
		7.5 Conclusion and Implications
		References
Part III: Research Ethics
	8: Lysenkoism: A Fine Line Between Formation of Scientific News and Disinformation
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Fundamentals of the New Biology
			8.1.2 Politicization of Science
		8.2 Lysenkoism and Michurinism
		8.3 The Main Components of Lysenkoism, Their Implementation, and Social Consequences
			8.3.1 Vernalization
			8.3.2 Food for the Masses and Execration for Scientists
			8.3.3 Creative Darwinism and Close Planting
			8.3.4 Spontaneous Generation
		8.4 Lysenkoism in Poland
			8.4.1 Proclamation and Implementation
			8.4.2 Genesis: Internal Factors
			8.4.3 The New Biology in Zoology
		8.5 Conclusions
		References
			Primary Sources
			Secondary Sources
	9: Misconduct and Consent: The Importance of Informed Consent in Medical Research
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Background to Informed Consent
			9.2.1 The History of Informed Consent
			9.2.2 Historic Consent Litigations in Medical Care
			9.2.3 Breaches of the Consent Principle in Scientific Research
		9.3 The Definition of Informed Consent
		9.4 Types of Consent and Their Collection
		9.5 Recent Advances and Their Effect on Consent Collection
			9.5.1 Broad and ``Opt-Out´´ Consent
		9.6 Examples of Misconduct in Informed Consent
		9.7 New Perspectives
		References
	10: Research Biobanks and External Researchers Under the European General Data Protection Regulation: Between Controller-Proce...
		10.1 Introduction
			10.1.1 Commercial, Scientific, and Public Health Implications
			10.1.2 Managing and Operative Roles
		10.2 Data Protection in Research Biobanks: Exemptions and Safeguards
			10.2.1 Rules for Sensitive Data
			10.2.2 Rightful Disclosures and Protections to Biobank Participants
			10.2.3 Scientific Research Exemptions
			10.2.4 Conflicting Interests of Biobank Stakeholders and External Parties
			10.2.5 Supervising Biobank Access
			10.2.6 Transfer Agreements
		10.3 Research Biobanks as Controllers or Processors
			10.3.1 External Data Processing
			10.3.2 Privacy Protection at All Levels
			10.3.3 Hefty Financial Punishments
		10.4 Controller-Processor Relationship
		10.5 Joint Controllership
			10.5.1 External Collaborations
		References
	11: Research Involving Human Participants and Their Biological Material: A South African Perspective
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Legal Framework Governing the Use and Transfer of Human Biological Material
			11.2.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 [12]
			11.2.2 National Health Act 61 of 2003 [16]
				11.2.2.1 Cadaver Tissue
				11.2.2.2 The Health Research Ethics Committee
				11.2.2.3 Informed Consent and Assent
			11.2.3 Regulations Promulgated Under the National Health Act
				11.2.3.1 Tissue Banks vs. Biobanks
				11.2.3.2 Participant Co-ownership of the Results and Intellectual Rights
				11.2.3.3 Compensation for Damages
				11.2.3.4 Participant Rights in Case of Exported Samples
		11.3 Standard Material Transfer Agreement for Human Biological Materials (SNMTA)
			11.3.1 Institutional Responsibilities and Donor Rights
			11.3.2 Benefit-Sharing vs. Financial Benefits
			11.3.3 Consent for Primary vs. Secondary Use of Biomaterials
			11.3.4 Legal Conflicts
			11.3.5 Intellectual Property Rights
		References
			Journal Articles
			Statutes and Regulations
				South Africa
				United Kingdom
				Websites (Organisations)
Part IV: Research Misconduct
	12: Ethical and Legal Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Radiology
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Imaging Diagnosis
		12.3 Legal and Ethical Risks of Using AI
		12.4 Possible Preventive and Corrective Interventions
			12.4.1 Autonomy and Data Privacy
				12.4.1.1 Clinical Research and Modalities of Informed Consent
				12.4.1.2 Stakeholders
				12.4.1.3 Confidentiality Risks
				12.4.1.4 Federated Learning (FL)
			12.4.2 Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice
				12.4.2.1 Continuous Self-Learning Algorithms
				12.4.2.2 Commercial and Other Nonscientific Applications
			12.4.3 Transparency and Accountability
				12.4.3.1 Major Disasters
				12.4.3.2 Challenges and Competitions
		12.5 AI Ethical Codes
			12.5.1 Regulatory Procedures
			12.5.2 AI Applications in Radiology
			12.5.3 Guidelines Concerning AI Research
		12.6 Future Perspectives
		References
	13: Typhoid Fever as a Biological Nazi Weapon in the Terezin Jewish Ghetto
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 A Model Concentration Camp
		13.3 Living Conditions and Health Troubles
		13.4 Healthcare Facilities
		13.5 The Small Fortress Prison
		13.6 Female Prisoners
		13.7 Epidemic Typhus in Terezin
		13.8 Jewish Guilt
		13.9 Endemic Louse-Borne Diseases
		13.10 Other Jewish Ghettos
		13.11 The End of the War Calamity
		13.12 The 11th Hour ``Death Transports´´
		13.13 Purposeful Introduction of the Epidemic
		13.14 Scorched Earth Policy
		13.15 Rescue of the Survivors
		References
	14: Fraud, Misconduct, and Unethical Practices in Biomedical Research in China
		14.1 The Concept of Research Misconduct in China
		14.2 Unethical Practices vs. Research Misconduct
		14.3 The Hanxin Digital Computer Chip Production
		14.4 Clinical Trials of Golden Rice
		14.5 Critical Analysis of the Trial
		14.6 Unproven and Unregulated Stem Cell Therapy
		14.7 Head-to-Body Transplantation
		14.8 He Jiankui Incident
		14.9 Paper Mill
		14.10 General Underlying Mechanisms
			14.10.1 Conflict of Interest
		14.11 Perverse Incentives by the Government or Local Agencies: The Han Case
		14.12 Failure of Self-Discipline Alone
		14.13 Regulatory Gap
		14.14 Incompetence of Supervising Bodies
		14.15 Ethics Dumping
		References
	15: Misrepresentation of Scientific Figures
		15.1 Introduction
			15.1.1 Scientific Publications
		15.2 Fraud
			15.2.1 Manipulated Images
			15.2.2 The Role of Whistleblowers
			15.2.3 Rule of Thumb
			15.2.4 Data Collision
			15.2.5 Conflicting Scientific Approaches
		15.3 Honest Errors
			15.3.1 Sloppy Statistics
			15.3.2 Article Checklists
			15.3.3 Publication Loopholes
			15.3.4 Overlooked or Neglected Guidelines
		15.4 Scientific Misrepresentation
		15.5 Misinterpretation of Conclusions
			15.5.1 The Relevance of Hindsight
		15.6 Tactics for Misrepresentation
			15.6.1 Endpoints
			15.6.2 HARKing
			15.6.3 P-Hacking
			15.6.4 Preregistration of Scientific Protocols
		References
Part V: Academic Institutions
	16: Myths About Race and Racism on University Campuses
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Myth 1: The Right to Academic Freedom
		16.3 Myth 2: Racial Microaggressions and Systemic Racism Do Not Exist Here
		16.4 Myth 3: Tokenism and Inclusion Are the Same Thing
		16.5 Myth 4: Psychedelic Communities Have Transcended Racism
		16.6 Conclusion
		References
	17: Harassment as Scientific Misconduct
		17.1 Introduction
			17.1.1 Harassment vs Misconduct
			17.1.2 The Scientific Integrity Environment
		17.2 Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and Academia
			17.2.1 Definitions and Factors Contributing to Sexual Harassment
				17.2.1.1 Indifference to Abuse
				17.2.1.2 Fierce Challenges to Success
			17.2.2 Prevalence and Impacts of Harassment
				17.2.2.1 Junior Personnel
				17.2.2.2 A Wide Range of Consequences
				17.2.2.3 Professional Repercussions
				17.2.2.4 Disproportionate Impacts
		17.3 Ethical Perspectives on Harassment, Bullying, and Discrimination
			17.3.1 History of Research Misconduct Definition
			17.3.2 Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Damage Scientific Integrity
				17.3.2.1 Discrimination
				17.3.2.2 Broader Definitions
				17.3.2.3 Recent Initiatives
			17.3.3 Redefining Research Misconduct to Include Harassment and Discrimination
				17.3.3.1 An Ethical Framework
				17.3.3.2 Long-Term Abusive Profile
		17.4 Preventive and Corrective Policies and Strategies
			17.4.1 A Scientific Integrity Net
			17.4.2 Role of Professional Associations
				17.4.2.1 Case Study from the Earth and Space Sciences
			17.4.3 Changes in Academia and the Workplace
				17.4.3.1 Ethical Climate
				17.4.3.2 Opposition to Change
				17.4.3.3 Further Initiatives in the Earth and Space Sciences
			17.4.4 Role of Funding Agencies and Foundations
				17.4.4.1 Support for Those Victimized
		17.5 Conclusions
		References
	18: Sexual Harassment in Orthopedic Training: Personal Perspectives and Outlooks for the Future
		18.1 Background
		18.2 Harassment in Orthopedic Surgery
		18.3 Perpetrators: Superiors, Support Staff, and Patients
		18.4 Gender Harassment: The Ultimate Burden?
		18.5 Special Considerations
		18.6 Solutions: Response and Responsibility
		18.7 Endgame: Creating a Culture of Intolerance
		References
	19: Institutional-Level Tracking to Combat Mistreatment of Medical Students, Residents, and Fellows
		19.1 Introduction
			19.1.1 Students
			19.1.2 Residency and Fellowship
			19.1.3 Gender-Specific Problems
			19.1.4 Racial and Ethnic Minorities
			19.1.5 Long-Lasting Consequences
			19.1.6 The Benefits of Diversity
		19.2 Types of Mistreatment
			19.2.1 Microaggression
			19.2.2 Sexual Harassment
			19.2.3 Humiliation and Shame
			19.2.4 Threatened with Physical Harm or Otherwise Intimidated
		19.3 Current Tools to Track Mistreatment
			19.3.1 Culture Survey
			19.3.2 Climate Survey
			19.3.3 AAMC and ACGME Survey
				19.3.3.1 Mistreatment Survey
			19.3.4 Focus Group
			19.3.5 Individual Reporting
		19.4 Preventing, Addressing, and Mitigating Mistreatment
			19.4.1 Actionable and Consequential Code of Conduct
			19.4.2 Bystander Training
			19.4.3 Meaningful and Accessible Individual Reporting System
			19.4.4 Victim Support Services
			19.4.5 Implicit Bias Training
			19.4.6 External Review for High-Stakes Evaluations
			19.4.7 Restorative Justice Mechanisms
				Box 19.1 Employing restorative justice [42]
		19.5 Proposed Framework
			Box 19.2 Who should take responsibility to address mistreatment?
			19.5.1 Coordinated and Harmonious Organizational Oversight
		19.6 Determining How to Intervene
			19.6.1 Sexual Harassment
			19.6.2 The Cycle of Abuse
				Box 19.3 Putting it all together
		References
Part VI: Sensationalistic Science
	20: Misleading Research of So-Called Alternative Medicine
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 SCAM Enthusiasts Are Less than Enthusiastic About Rigorous Research
		20.3 Experience Is Not Evidence
		20.4 Clinical Trials
		20.5 The Quantity of Research into SCAM
		20.6 The Quality of Research into SCAM
		20.7 Problems Encountered When Conducting SCAM Research
		20.8 SCAM Researchers Might Be the Biggest Problem of Them All
			20.8.1 Unbiased Protocols
		20.9 The Safety of SCAM
		20.10 Proving the Ineffectiveness of SCAM
			20.10.1 Evidence-Based Therapy
		References
	21: False Information and Mandatory Pediatric Vaccination
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Origins of Myths About Vaccination Consequences
		21.3 The Role of Internet and Social Media
			21.3.1 Dangerous Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence
		21.4 Vaccine Hesitancy
			21.4.1 The ``3 Cs´´ Theory
			21.4.2 The Five Steps of Vaccination Hesitancy
		21.5 Conspiracy Beliefs
			21.5.1 Fake News, Bots, and Trolls
		21.6 Is the Risk-Benefit Ratio of Vaccines Nowadays Positive?
			21.6.1 Herd Immunity
			21.6.2 Infection Elimination
		21.7 Should Vaccination Be Mandatory?
			21.7.1 Ethical Conflicts
			21.7.2 Multi-pronged Approach
		21.8 How to Promote Effective Knowledge
			21.8.1 Advertising Resources
		21.9 Ongoing Debates and Future Perspectives
		References
Part VII: Clinical Trials
	22: Regulatory, Ethical and Political Challenges of Experimentation with LSD on Human Subjects
		22.1 LSD: A Dangerous Hallucinogenic Agent or a Tool for Brain Investigation?
		22.2 Ethical and Regulatory Constraints
		22.3 Political Aspects, Episodes of Fraud and Misconduct
		22.4 Future Perspectives
		22.5 Ethical Guidelines for Future Research and Clinical Use
		22.6 Conclusion
		References
	23: Controversies with Clinical Trial Regulations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Advantages of Conducting Trials in Nontraditional Countries
			23.2.1 For Trial Sponsors
			23.2.2 For Host Countries
			23.2.3 Ethical Controversies
			23.2.4 Regulatory Controversies
			23.2.5 Knowledge Transfer Pitfalls
		23.3 Nontransparent Research, Fraud, and Misconduct
		23.4 Future Perspectives
		References
	24: Dangers of FDA Oversight of Clinical Trials in Developing Countries
		24.1 Introduction and Background
		24.2 Current Trends in the Geographical Migration of Clinical Trial Sites
		24.3 Market Forces Driving International Migration of Clinical Trials
			24.3.1 Cheaper Labor Costs
			24.3.2 Faster Enrollment Rates
				24.3.2.1 Financial Incentives
				24.3.2.2 Participant Protection
				24.3.2.3 Intellectual Restrictions
				24.3.2.4 Access to Legal Assistance
			24.3.3 FDA Rules Create Loopholes for Research Conducted in Developing Countries
				24.3.3.1 Discarded or Mishandled Trials
			24.3.4 The FDA Cannot Inspect Foreign Sites Like They Should
				24.3.4.1 Expenses and Logistics of Inspection
				24.3.4.2 Reduced Timeframe
				24.3.4.3 Good Manufacturing Practices
		24.4 Specific Examples of Clinical Trial Issues Overseas
			24.4.1 World Health Organization/WHO and European Medicines Agency/EMA Inspections
			24.4.2 Other International Examples
			24.4.3 Overlooked Questionable Research Practices
			24.4.4 Better Outcomes
		24.5 Future Perspectives
			24.5.1 Regular, Systematic Inspections
		References
	25: Current Status of Research with Brain Organoids
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Should Brain Organoids Be Regarded as Small Human Brains?
			25.2.1 Are Organoids Moral Structures?
			25.2.2 Are Artificially Created Organoids Sufficiently ``Human´´?
			25.2.3 Stretching of the Limits of Ethical Acceptability
			25.2.4 Gene Engineering Procedures
			25.2.5 Moral Status, the Critical Threshold
			25.2.6 Can Organoids Become Active Parts of Human Beings?
		25.3 Ethical Oversight in Human-Animal Chimeric Research
			25.3.1 Conventional Ethical Restraints Only
			25.3.2 Specific Ethical Rules Minimized or Overlooked
			25.3.3 Delicate Questions Concerning Human-Animal Chimeras
		25.4 Fake News and Sensationalization
			25.4.1 Neanderthal Mini-brains
			25.4.2 Brain-Machine Hybrids and Plane Thinking
			25.4.3 Resurrection
			25.4.4 Man and Non-human Primates
			25.4.5 There Is Method in Misinformation Madness
		References
	26: Ending Clinical Trials Prematurely
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Problems with Randomized Controlled Trials
		26.3 Ethical Issues in Randomized Controlled Trials
			26.3.1 Demographic and Nocebo-Related Events
			26.3.2 Ethical and Moral Controversies of the Comparison Condition
		26.4 The Role of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
			26.4.1 Current Relevance of Data and Safety Monitoring Boards
			26.4.2 Adverse Events
			26.4.3 Futility Concerns
			26.4.4 Unquestionable Advantage of the Intervention
		26.5 Statistical Issues with Interim Analyses
			26.5.1 Alpha-Spending Rules
		26.6 Stopping Trials Because of Futility
			26.6.1 Problems with Early Termination
		26.7 Stopping Trials Because of Benefit
			26.7.1 Controversies Regarding Clear-Cut Benefit
		26.8 Why Prematurely Stopped Trials May Overestimate the True Effect
		26.9 Other Problems Due to Terminating Prematurely for Benefit
			26.9.1 Late or Incompletely Reported Events
		26.10 Guidelines for Stopping Trials Prematurely
		26.11 Does Early Termination Constitute Misconduct or Fraud?
			26.11.1 Questionable Research Practices
		References
Part VIII: Corruption and Impropriety in the Healthcare Environment
	27: Curtailing Corruption in the Recruitment of Public Sector Health Workers in Uganda
		27.1 Historical Background
		27.2 Transparent Recruitment
			27.2.1 Common Corrupt Practices
		27.3 Political, Policy and Governance Context
			27.3.1 Corruption and Misappropriation of Funds
			27.3.2 Nepotism and Political Patronage
			27.3.3 `Rent Seeking´ Practices
			27.3.4 Wage Bill Constraints
			27.3.5 Delays in Accessing the Local Government Payroll
		27.4 Discussion
			27.4.1 Mitigating Measures
			27.4.2 External Monitors
		References
	28: Legal and Regulatory Issues in Selfie Telemedicine
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Patient- or Person-Generated Health Data (PGHD)
			28.2.1 Internet of Things Healthcare Systems
		28.3 Selfie
		28.4 Telemedicine
			28.4.1 Remote Monitoring
			28.4.2 Old and New Phone Applications
		28.5 Selfie: Person-Generated Health Data-Telemedicine
		28.6 Telemedicine: The Ethical Issues
		28.7 Telemedicine Legislation
			28.7.1 Jurisdiction
			28.7.2 Liability
			28.7.3 Licensure
		28.8 Doctor-Patient Relationship
			28.8.1 Selfie Telemedicine and the Doctor-Patient Relationship
		28.9 Consent
			28.9.1 Conventional Precautions
			28.9.2 Consent and Selfie Telemedicine
		28.10 Authentication
			28.10.1 Recent Recommendations
			28.10.2 Authentication and Selfie Telemedicine
		28.11 Privacy, Data Security, Data Storage, and Record-Keeping
			28.11.1 Selfie Telemedicine
		28.12 Quality of Care and Standards of Practice
			28.12.1 Selfie Telemedicine
		28.13 Continuity and Duty of Care
			28.13.1 Selfie Telemedicine
		28.14 Justice
			28.14.1 Disadvantaged Populations
		28.15 Mobile Phone Apps: Regulation
			28.15.1 International Standards
		28.16 A Model for Fraud
			28.16.1 Selfie Relevant Examples
		28.17 Apps and Fraud
		28.18 (Selfie) Telemedicine and Fraud
			28.18.1 Patient Transparency and Honesty
		28.19 The Future of Selfie Telemedicine
		References
	29: Healing the Healers: Addressing Moral Injury in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19
		29.1 What Is Moral Injury?
			29.1.1 The Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES)
		29.2 Effects and Outcomes of Moral Injury
		29.3 Moral Injury and PTSD
			29.3.1 Nosological Classification
			29.3.2 Frequent Overlap with PTSD
			29.3.3 Unique Contexts
		29.4 Moral Injury in Service Members
			29.4.1 The Moral Injury Outcome Scale (MIOS)
			29.4.2 Mental Health and Quality of Life
		29.5 Moral Injury in Civilians
			29.5.1 Press Correspondents
			29.5.2 Forces of Order in the Civil Environment
			29.5.3 Social Workers and Child Protective Services (CPS)
			29.5.4 Community Educators
		29.6 Moral Injury in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19
			29.6.1 Overwhelming Public Health Challenges
			29.6.2 Healthcare Worker ``Burnout´´
			29.6.3 Life and Death Decisions
			29.6.4 Contaminated Professionals
			29.6.5 Birth Time Conflicts
			29.6.6 Remedial Interventions
			29.6.7 External Help
		References
	30: Is Multi-level Marketing of Nutrition Supplements Questionable?
		30.1 Introduction
		30.2 Multi-level Marketing (MLM)
			30.2.1 Health Advisors
			30.2.2 Legal and Ethical Questions
		30.3 Major Corporations
		30.4 The Danger of Pyramid Schemes
			30.4.1 No Company Employees
		30.5 Multi-level vs. Pyramid Models
		30.6 Compulsory Purchasing
			30.6.1 Health Claims
			30.6.2 Company and Product Profiles
		30.7 Product Misrepresentation
		30.8 Involved Healthcare Professionals
		30.9 Beneficence and Professional Integrity
		30.10 Nonmaleficence
			30.10.1 Healthcare Professionals Advertising Supplements
		References
	31: Euthanasia Not On Trial: The Career of an Austrian Nazi Doctor After 1945
		31.1 Introduction and Background
			31.1.1 A Chilling Personal Experience
			31.1.2 Academic Focus
		31.2 CV of a Villain
			31.2.1 Illegal Neurological Biorepository
			31.2.2 Post-War Activities
			31.2.3 Neuropsychiatric Specialist and Prestigious Investigator
			31.2.4 Journal Editor and Prize-Winning Scientist
			31.2.5 Time for Reckoning
			31.2.6 Unpunished Malfeasance
		31.3 The Survivors´ Literary Testimonies
			31.3.1 The Odyssey of Kaufmann
			31.3.2 The Pains of Zawrel
			31.3.3 The ``Education´´ of Johann Gross
			31.3.4 It Is Not Theoretical, It Is Human Beings
			31.3.5 Unworthy to Live
			31.3.6 Anatomy of a Murderous Clinical Trial
			31.3.7 Unethical Immoral Clique
			31.3.8 Inhumanity Is Everywhere
			31.3.9 Final Remarks
		References
Part IX: Science and the Internet
	32: Curbside Consultations in Pediatric Dermatology: Risks and Benefits
		32.1 Introduction
			32.1.1 Informal Information and Care
			32.1.2 The Many Faces of Informality
			32.1.3 Hazy Limits
		32.2 Benefits of Curbside Consultation
			32.2.1 Improving the Carbon Footprint
			32.2.2 Convenience/Cost
			32.2.3 Improved Patient Care and Provider Education
			32.2.4 Collegiality
		32.3 Risks of Curbside Consultation
			32.3.1 Fear of Incomplete or Inaccurate Advice
			32.3.2 Inefficiency/Burnout/Loss of Income
			32.3.3 The Shadow Clinic
			32.3.4 Lack of Financial Compensation
		32.4 Ethical and Legal Concerns: Privacy and Liability
			32.4.1 Informed Consent
			32.4.2 Specific Consent
			32.4.3 Transmission and Storage
			32.4.4 Medicolegal Liability
			32.4.5 Physician-Patient Relationship
			32.4.6 Disparity in Access
		32.5 Future Directions
			32.5.1 The Telemedicine Impact
			32.5.2 Documented and In-Depth Assessment
			32.5.3 Not a Panacea
			32.5.4 Guidelines for Curbside Dos and Don´ts
		References
	33: Social Media and How to Overcome Fake News in Health
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Social Media and Fake News in Health
			33.2.1 Conspiracy Theories
			33.2.2 Mixed Contents
		33.3 Strategies for Overcoming Fake News in Health
			33.3.1 Infodemic Response Checklist
			33.3.2 Quality Media Coverage
			33.3.3 National Risk Communication Plan
			33.3.4 Interdisciplinary Research
		33.4 Sharing Evidence of Social Impact for Overcoming Fake News
		References
	34: Cyberbullying in the University Setting
		34.1 Types of Cyberbullying: Harassment, Threats, False Profiles, Insulting, Blackmailing, and Other Modalities
			34.1.1 Classification of Principal Modalities
			34.1.2 Most Commonly Employed Technologies
		34.2 Cyberbullying Targets: Students, Professors, and Researchers?
			34.2.1 Cyberbullying Among University Students
			34.2.2 Physical, Social, Emotional, and Academic Repercussions
			34.2.3 Cyberbullying from Student to University Professor
			34.2.4 Impact on the Targeted Professor
		34.3 Are There Professionals or Organizations Behind Cyberbullying?
		34.4 Can Colleagues or Competitors Be Involved?
		34.5 Are Universities Prepared to Deal with This Problem?
		34.6 Recommended Preventive Measures
		References
	35: Categories of Fake News from the Perspective of Social Harmfulness
		35.1 Introduction
		35.2 What Is Fake News?
		35.3 Social Harmfulness as an Element of Crime
			35.3.1 Excusable Violations
		35.4 Social Harmfulness in the Dissemination of Fake News
			35.4.1 Lions on the Streets
			35.4.2 Fraudulent Crowd Funding
		35.5 Conclusions
		References
Part X: The Ethics of Publications
	36: Preregistration of Studies with Existing Data
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Threats to the Validity of Scientific Inferences: Questionable Research Practices (QRPs)
			36.2.1 Not Reporting All Collected Variables
			36.2.2 Failing to Report All Conditions
			36.2.3 Interim Analyses and Selectively Stopping Data Collection
			36.2.4 Selectively Excluding Data
			36.2.5 Changing the Hypothesis After Observing the Results
			36.2.6 Falsifying and Fabricating Data
		36.3 The Consequences of QRPs for Scientific Findings
		36.4 Unique Challenges when Using Existing Data
		36.5 Preregistration as a Tool to Protect the Reliability of Scientific Findings
		36.6 Is Preregistration Necessary for Analyses on Existing Data? Exploratory and Confirmatory Studies
		36.7 What and How to Preregister: Preregistration Templates and Repositories
		36.8 Limitations and Critiques of Preregistration
		36.9 Closing Remarks and Future Perspectives
		References
	37: Preregistration in Animal Research
		37.1 Causes for Questionable Quality of Biomedical Research
			37.1.1 Basic Methodological Principles
			37.1.2 Manipulation of Hypotheses and Statistics
			37.1.3 Poor Reporting of Results and Methods
			37.1.4 Publish or Perish
		37.2 The Ethical Challenge for Animal Research
			37.2.1 Waste of Animal Lives
		37.3 Preregistration of Animal Research
			37.3.1 Experience with Clinical Protocols
		37.4 Preregistration in animalstudyregistry.org
		37.5 The Future of Preregistration in Biomedical Research
		References
	38: Plagiarism in Philosophy Research
		38.1 Introduction
			38.1.1 Pseudonyms
		38.2 Why Plagiarism Is a Form of Research Misconduct
			38.2.1 Repeat Offenders
		38.3 Disguised Forms of Plagiarism
		38.4 Inaction by Editors and Publishers
			38.4.1 Editor Negligence
			38.4.2 Long-Term Consequences
		38.5 Ambiguous Corrections
		38.6 Unfitting Corrections
			38.6.1 The Irreplaceable Role of Whistleblowers
		38.7 Institutional Conflicts
			38.7.1 Academic Research Integrity Committees
			38.7.2 Institutional Self-Preservation
		38.8 Retractions that Fail to Retract
			38.8.1 Ineffective Retractions
		38.9 Modelling the Sciences
		38.10 Conclusion
		References
	39: Scientific Articles Retracted for Misconduct or Fraud in the Dental Literature
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 Reasons for Retraction
		39.3 The Field of Dentistry
		39.4 Implantology and Oral Pathology
		39.5 Repeat Offenders
		39.6 Background Problems
		References
	40: Retraction of Scientific Papers: Types of Retraction, Consequences, and Impacts
		40.1 Introduction
			40.1.1 Underlying Causes
		40.2 The Retraction Process: Peer Review, Editorial Board Scrutiny, Notes of Concern, Publication Retraction
			40.2.1 Review Exempted Articles
			40.2.2 Non-fraudulent Problems
			40.2.3 Pre-retraction Interventions
		40.3 Reasons for Retraction
			40.3.1 Immediate and Delayed Repercussions
		40.4 Frequency of Retractions: Honest Error and Misconduct
		40.5 The Case of Andrew Wakefield (and Others)
			40.5.1 The COVID-19 Pandemic
		40.6 How Authors and Institutions Face Retractions?
			40.6.1 Academic Sanctions
		40.7 Are Papers Still Being Cited After Their Retraction?
			40.7.1 The Long Life of Retracted Publications
			40.7.2 The Role of Self-Citations
		40.8 Proposals to Track Retractions and Avoid Citations
			40.8.1 Heterogeneous Standards
		References
	41: The Role of Peer Review in the Scientific Process
		41.1 Ethical and Scientific Importance of Peer Review
			41.1.1 The Heavy Burden of Reviewing
		41.2 Peer Review Process
			41.2.1 Open Vs. Blinded Review
		41.3 Reviewer Bias
			41.3.1 The ``Before´´ Stage
			41.3.2 The ``During´´ Stage
			41.3.3 The ``After´´ Stage
		41.4 Conflict of Interest (COI)
			41.4.1 Hasty or Faulty Assessment
		41.5 Most Common Reasons for Manuscript Rejection
			41.5.1 Streamlining Writing Practices
		41.6 Author Fraud and Scientific Misconduct
		References
	42: Citation Misuses in the Biomedical Literature and Its Effects on Public Health
		42.1 Introduction
			42.1.1 Citation-Triggered Myths
		42.2 Citation Biases
			42.2.1 Meta Analyses
		42.3 Quotation Distortions
			42.3.1 Systematic Reviews
		42.4 Consequences for Public Health: The Opioid Crisis
		42.5 The Epidemic of Major Depressive Disorder: The Medicalization of Sadness
			42.5.1 Clinical Success of Antidepressant Drugs
		42.6 The Promotion of Hydroxychloroquine as a Treatment for COVID-19
			42.6.1 Misrepresentation Cascade
		42.7 Conclusion
		References
	43: Understanding Ghostwriting and Ghost Authorship As Problems of Research Integrity
		43.1 Introduction
		43.2 The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
		43.3 The World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)
		43.4 Government Concerns
		43.5 Existing Authorship Criteria
		43.6 Ghostwriting and Related Problems
			43.6.1 Difficulties in Identifying Ghostwriting Prevalence
		43.7 Recent Publishing about Ghostwriting
		43.8 Some Causes of Inadvertent Authorship Problems
		43.9 Preventive and Corrective Interventions
			43.9.1 Good Publication Practice (GPP)
			43.9.2 Consult Available Guidelines
			43.9.3 Clarify the Role of the Medical Writer
			43.9.4 Consider Accountability
			43.9.5 Review Authorship Guidelines for each Publication
			43.9.6 Promote Education and Training
		43.10 A Shift to Positive Authorship Practices
		References
Part XI: Conflicts of Interest
	44: Funding of Clinical Trials Through Non-Profit and Third-Party Organizations: A Case Study of the CREATE-X Trial in Japan
		44.1 Introduction
			44.1.1 Downsidesof FCOI
			44.1.2 Disclosure Loopholesusing Funnel Funding
		44.2 Overview of CREATE-X Trialpublished in the Prestigious Journal
			44.2.1 Successful Resultsby Adding A Chemotherapeutic Agent
		44.3 Inappropriate Funding Disclosure
			44.3.1 Expensive Clinical TrialBudgetWithoutDisclosure
			44.3.2 Was thePharmaceutical Company Linked to Trial Stakeholders?
		44.4 Connecting the Dotsto Uncover FCOI Using A Third Party
			44.4.1 Hard Evidenceof Financial Transfers Through the Non-Profit Organization from the Pharmaceutical Company
			44.4.2 Potential Biases due to the Non-Disclosure of FCOI
			44.4.3 Open and Accessible Dealsto Improve Transparency
		44.5 Inappropriate Individual-Level FCOI Disclosure
			44.5.1 Identifying UnderreportedIndividual Payments from the Pharmaceutical Company
			44.5.2 InsufficientPersonal Awareness of FCOI Reporting
			44.5.3 Need for Transparent Database for FCOI Disclosure
			44.5.4 Bolstering the Role of Societies and InstitutionsAgainst Inadequate COI Reporting
		44.6 Financial Damage in the Universal Health Care System
			44.6.1 Company Profits Vs. Community Benefit
			44.6.2 Diovan Scandal: A Large-Scale Clinical Trial Misconduct
		44.7 Suboptimal Protection of Whistleblowers
		44.8 Responsibility of Individuals in FCOI Disclosure
		44.9 Responsibility of Medical Journals in FCOI Disclosure
		44.10 Conclusion
		References
	45: Pharmaceutical Company Payments to Clinical Practice Guideline Authors
		45.1 Introduction
		45.2 Conflicts of Interest Among Clinical Practice Guideline Authors
			45.2.1 Selective Rewards
			45.2.2 Widespread Practice
		45.3 Transparency of COI Among CPG Authors
			45.3.1 Self-Regulation and Professional Initiatives
			45.3.2 Significant Budgets
		45.4 Comparison Between CPG Authors and Others
		45.5 Undeclared and Under-Declared Conflicts of Interest
			45.5.1 More than a Decade of Recommendations
		45.6 Influence of Financial COI on CPG
			45.6.1 The ``Xigris´´ Affair
			45.6.2 Strategies against Diminishing Revenue
			45.6.3 Lyme Disease and the Infectious Disease Society of America
			45.6.4 Steroids for Acute Spinal Cord Injury
			45.6.5 The French Connection
		45.7 COI Management Among CPG Authors and Developing Organizations
		45.8 Complete Declaration and Full Disclosure
			45.8.1 Duration of COI Declarations
			45.8.2 Commercial Utilization of CPG
			45.8.3 Explicit Impact
			45.8.4 Small Change
		45.9 Non-financial COI
		45.10 Refusal of Payments from Pharmaceutical Companies
		45.11 COI Management Strategies for CPG Developing Organizations
		45.12 Chair Appointment and the Author Selection Process
			45.12.1 Authorship Diversification
		45.13 Funding Sources for the Organization and CPG Development
			45.13.1 Weaknesses Are Always Possible
		45.14 External Review
		45.15 Establishing a Monitoring Committee
			45.15.1 Sanctions
		45.16 Future Perspectives
		References
	46: How to Mitigate Unintentional Misconduct with Samples and Data in Biorepositories
		46.1 Introduction
		46.2 Scientific and Social Implications
		46.3 Existing Recommendations and Guidelines
		46.4 Integrity in Publication
		46.5 Non-Reproducibility
		46.6 Poor Stewardship
		46.7 Quality Issues for Biological Samples and Reagents
		46.8 Institutional Biobanks
			46.8.1 Lack of Careful Planning
			46.8.2 Low Level of Professionalism
			46.8.3 Quality Management System
			46.8.4 Biobank Heterogeneity
			46.8.5 Risk Analysis
		46.9 BRISQ, SPREC and Other Toolkits (EQUATOR Database)
			46.9.1 Pitfalls and Challenges
		46.10 The SPREC ``Barcode´´
			46.10.1 Best Practices and Standards
			46.10.2 Quality and Efficiency for Less Misconduct
			46.10.3 ISO Standard 20,387 Biotechnology: Biobanking
		46.11 Outlook
		References
	47: Combatting Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector
		47.1 Introduction
		47.2 Types of Corruption
			47.2.1 The Tip of the Iceberg
		47.3 Corporate Influence and Unethical Practices in the Pharmaceutical Sector
			47.3.1 Research and Clinical Trials
				47.3.1.1 Contract Research Organizations and Commercial Sponsorship
				47.3.1.2 Unethical Behavior and Non-accountability
			47.3.2 Dissemination of Medical Knowledge
				47.3.2.1 A Plethora of Encouraging Literature
				47.3.2.2 Sweep the Dirt Under the Carpet
				47.3.2.3 Obstacle Clearance Policies
			47.3.3 Interaction with the Medical Profession
				47.3.3.1 Generous Disbursements
			47.3.4 Interaction with Regulatory Agencies and Authorities
				47.3.4.1 Regulatory Capture
				47.3.4.2 Heavyweight Trade Associations
				47.3.4.3 Revolving Door Lobbyists
				47.3.4.4 Financing the Regulatory Agency Through User Fees
			47.3.5 Interaction with Civil Society
				47.3.5.1 Organized Patient Groups
				47.3.5.2 Direct to Consumer Advertising (DTCA)
		47.4 How to Reduce Corruption in the Pharmaceutical Sector
			47.4.1 Top Priorities in Combatting Pharmaceutical Corruption
		References
	48: Conflicts of Interest Between Neurologists and Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Industries
		48.1 Introduction
		48.2 Conflicts of Interest in Medicine
			48.2.1 Pharmaceutical Financial Interfaces
		48.3 Types of COI Between Neurologists and Industry
			48.3.1 Nonfinancial COI
		48.4 Scope of COI Between Neurologists and Industry
		48.5 Why Industry Collaboration Should Not Be Eliminated
			48.5.1 The Relevance of Drug Manufacturing and Testing
		48.6 Bias Is Inherent to COI
			48.6.1 Academic Integrity vs. Moral Weaknesses
		48.7 Industry-Bias Within Neurology Research and Literature
			48.7.1 Industry Relationships Influence Views Expressed in Scientific Reports
			48.7.2 Industry Sponsorship Influences Rhetoric and Conclusions of Neurology RCTs
				48.7.2.1 Enhanced Findings (``Spin´´)
			48.7.3 Selective Reporting and Outcome Switching in Neurology RCTs
		48.8 Manifestations of Industry-Bias Within Neurology Clinical Practice
			48.8.1 Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives Alter Prescribing Practices
				48.8.1.1 Profitable Friendship
		48.9 Targeting Prominent Thought Leaders
			48.9.1 Research Bias Through IRB Members and Journal Editors
			48.9.2 Clinical Practice Bias Through Thought Leaders and Guideline Authors
		48.10 Disclosure as a Method for Addressing COIs Among Neurologists
			48.10.1 The Physician Payment Sunshine Act
			48.10.2 What Is the Optimal Level of Disclosure?
			48.10.3 Widespread Failure to Disclose COI Among Neurologists
			48.10.4 Does Disclosure Foster or Inhibit Public Trust?
		48.11 Future Perspectives
		References
Part XII: Predatory Practices
	49: Predatory Journals and Conferences
		49.1 Introduction
		49.2 ``Predatory´´ Publishing
			49.2.1 The Size of the Issue
		49.3 The National Institutes for Health (NIH-HHS, USA)
			49.3.1 The Threat to Ethics and Quality
			49.3.2 Fake or Misguided Journal Editors
			49.3.3 A Two-Way Mechanism
			49.3.4 Editorial Board Memberships
			49.3.5 Grey Zones and Distinctive Features
			49.3.6 Dubious Profiles
			49.3.7 Choosing a Trustable Journal
			49.3.8 The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
			49.3.9 Think. Check. Submit.
			49.3.10 Potential Solutions
		49.4 Predatory Conferences
			49.4.1 Is this Conference for Real?
			49.4.2 Zeroing Attendance to Fraudulent Conferences
			49.4.3 Potential Solutions
		References
	50: How Open Access Publishing Developed in the 2010s and the Potential for Publishing Misconduct
		50.1 Background to Open Access Journals
		50.2 The Finch Report from the United Kingdom
		50.3 Plan S
		50.4 Financial Thresholds Vs. Scientific Criteria
		50.5 Open Access Journal Legislation in North America
		50.6 What About the Downside?
		50.7 Free Lunch Vs. Fair Pay
		50.8 Ongoing Controversies with and Without Open Access Publication
		50.9 The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) Paper November 2019
		50.10 The Lancet Paper in May 2020
		50.11 The JAMA-Network Open (JAMA-NO) in December 2020
		50.12 Conclusions
		References
	51: The Challenges from Predatory Journals and Fake Medical News
		51.1 Background
		51.2 The Arrival of Citation Indexes
		51.3 Alternative Impact Factors
			51.3.1 Impact Factor: Is It the Real One?
			51.3.2 Why Does Peer Review Matter?
		51.4 What Is a Predatory Journal?
		51.5 The History of `Beall´s List´ of Predatory Journals
		51.6 How Can Predatory Journals Be Controlled?
		51.7 Cowboys in the Nineteenth-Century Wild West
		51.8 The Multimedia Medical Cowboys in the 2020s
		51.9 Peer-Reviewing Multimedia Content
		51.10 The Role of Social Media Influencers
		51.11 Patients Searching for Medical Information
		51.12 Social Media and Fake News
		51.13 The Way Forwards?
		References
	52: Cheating in the Academic Environment
		52.1 Introduction
			52.1.1 Terminology
			52.1.2 Academic Integrity
			52.1.3 Role Modelling
		52.2 The Reasons Student Cheating Happens
		52.3 Methods of Student Cheating
			52.3.1 Sanctions and Rehabilitation
			52.3.2 Plagiarism and Similarity Checking
			52.3.3 Self-Plagiarism
			52.3.4 Collusion
			52.3.5 Contract Cheating
			52.3.6 Misuse of File Sharing Sites
			52.3.7 Text Spinning
			52.3.8 Doctored Single or Serial Translations
			52.3.9 Exam Cheating
			52.3.10 Onlinespiepr146 Tests
			52.3.11 Security Breaches
		52.4 Future Perspectives
			52.4.1 Artificial Intelligence
		References
Part XIII: Corrective Interventions
	53: Relevance and Challenges of Whistleblowing in the UK´s National Health System
		53.1 Introduction
			53.1.1 The Espoused Reality in Health in the UK
		53.2 Policy and Procedure Vs. People Speaking up
			53.2.1 Easy Answers to Difficult Questions
			53.2.2 Dialogue Instead of Ready-Made Solutions
			53.2.3 Focus on the Patient Vs. Organisational Success
			53.2.4 How Much Priority to Clinical Benefits?
			53.2.5 Is Whistleblowing for Life-Saving or for Freedom of Speech in General?
		53.3 Relational and Conversational Practices That Influence Speaking-up at Work
			53.3.1 The Basic Human Need to Belong to a Group
				53.3.1.1 Turning a Blind Eye
				53.3.1.2 Collectivism or Individualism?
			53.3.2 Conversation Is a Relational Act
				53.3.2.1 Swallowed by Machinery
				53.3.2.2 It Can Be Used Against You
			53.3.3 How Short-Termism Shapes the Managerial Agenda
				53.3.3.1 Sweep the Dirt Under the Carpet
			53.3.4 How Senior People Live in a `Bubble´
		53.4 Speaking-Up Through an Activist Lens
			53.4.1 The Right Policies Within a Receptive Environment
			53.4.2 Facadism
			53.4.3 Defensive Engagement
			53.4.4 Dialogic Engagement
		53.5 What Makes a Difference (and Could Make a Difference) to People Speaking Up in Health
			53.5.1 About the Authors
		References
	54: Professional Development Courses for Unprofessional Physician Behavior
		54.1 Introduction
		54.2 Types of Unprofessional Behaviors Addressed
			54.2.1 The Proper Prescribing of Controlled Drugs Course
			54.2.2 Maintaining Proper Boundaries Course
			54.2.3 The Distressed Physician Course
		54.3 The CME Courses
			54.3.1 Transformative Learning
		54.4 Lessons Learned
			54.4.1 Clinical Knowledge Deficits Are Only Part of the Problem
			54.4.2 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) [15] Matter
			54.4.3 The Rules of Professional Behavior Are Not Formally Taught in Traditional Medical Education
			54.4.4 Communication Is Key (and Is Also Not Taught)
			54.4.5 Practitioner Self-Care Is Important
			54.4.6 All Specialty and Provider Types Involved; However, there Are Patterns
		54.5 Results
		54.6 Conclusions
		References
	55: Is the Current Informed Consent Model Flawed?
		55.1 Introduction
			55.1.1 Current Concepts and the Right to Autonomy
			55.1.2 Basic Elements
		55.2 Criticism of the Informed Consent Model
			55.2.1 The Focus on Disclosure and theAbility to Decide
			55.2.2 Patient-Oriented Attention vs. Non-therapeutic Investigation
		55.3 Empirical Studies on the Implementation of Informed Consent
		55.4 Strategies to Improve the Informed Consent Process
			55.4.1 Non-conventional Approaches
			55.4.2 Negative Findings
			55.4.3 Complex Projects and Unfamiliar Details
			55.4.4 Not Just Understanding
		55.5 Extended Discussions of the Research and the Participant´s Involvement
			55.5.1 The Essence of the Consent Process
			55.5.2 Two-Way Exchange vs. One-Way Road
			55.5.3 An Agreement Between Persons vs. an Extensive Legal Document
		55.6 Summary and Outlook
		References
	56: Perverse Incentives: A Psychoanalysis of Fraud
		56.1 Introduction
		56.2 Individual Deviance Versus Ecosystem Resilience
		56.3 First Case History: The Ubiquity of Plagiarism
		56.4 Why Is Plagiarism a Problem?
		56.5 University Discourse and Its Vicissitudes
		56.6 The Majorana Fermion
		56.7 Crystalline Science and Its Sinister Traps
		56.8 The Stapel Case
		56.9 Deception
		56.10 Perverse Incentives
		References
	57: Development and Implementation of a National Research Integrity System: The Case of the Estonian Code of Conduct for Resea...
		57.1 Introduction
			57.1.1 The Code Roadmap
		57.2 Ethics Codes and the RI System
			57.2.1 Pressing Needs
			57.2.2 International Priorities
			57.2.3 Pitfalls and Weaknesses
			57.2.4 Beacons of Integrity
			57.2.5 Universal Yet Custom Built
		57.3 The Estonian Context
		57.4 Research Questions and Methodology
		57.5 Creation of the Code (Fig. 57.1)
			57.5.1 Drafting the Integrity Code
			57.5.2 Lost in Translation
			57.5.3 Mixed Approach
		57.6 Motivations Behind the Code
			57.6.1 Well-Defined Responsibilities
			57.6.2 Educational Role
		57.7 Adopting the Code
		57.8 Views of the Final Version
		57.9 Final Remarks
			57.9.1 Trickle-Down Effect
			57.9.2 Code Offspring
			57.9.3 Downstream Changes
			57.9.4 Necessary Tensions
		References
Part XIV: Tools for Integrity Assessment, General Guidelines and Supplementary Material
	58: Scientific Electronic Library Online/SciELO: Good Practices Guide for the Enhancement of Ethics in Scientific Publication ...
		58.1 Responsibilities of the Editor in Chief
		58.2 Decision-Making Framework in Case of Misconduct
		58.3 Decision-Making Framework Concerning Retractions and Errata/Corrigenda
		References
	59: What Research Institutions Can Do to Foster Research Integrity
		59.1 Introduction
		59.2 Duties of Care
		59.3 Perverse Incentives
		59.4 Meta-research
		59.5 Conclusion
		References
	60: Useful Online Resources and Guideline
		Reference
Glossary
	Glossary
	Bibliography




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