Integrating Artificial and Human Intelligence through Agent Oriented Systems Design (Systems Innovation Book Series)

Cover
Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
How to Use This Book
About the Authors
Chapter 1 Introducing Human–AI Teaming
	1.1 Why Are We Concerned about Human–AI Teaming?
	1.2 A Human–AI Team Example
	1.3 Developing a Frame of Reference through Definition
		1.3.1 System Structure
		1.3.2 Automation and Design Philosophy
		1.3.3 Automation, AI Agents, and Autonomy
	1.4 Model-Based Systems Engineering
	1.5 Need for a Common Framework
	1.6 Organization of This Book
	1.7 Chapter Summary
	1.8 Questions and Discussion Topics
	1.9 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 2 Defining Your System
	2.1 Meta-Model of Agent-Oriented Systems Modeling
	2.2 System Example
	2.3 System Boundary and Domain
	2.4 Stakeholder Narrative
	2.5 Modeling: “As-Is” System Architecture and Boundary through Block Definition Diagrams
		2.5.1 Modeling Objective
		2.5.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		2.5.3 Considerations
		2.5.4 Example Application
	2.6 Cognitive Task Analysis
	2.7 Modeling Use Case Diagrams
		2.7.1 Modeling Objective
		2.7.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		2.7.3 Considerations
		2.7.4 Example Application
	2.8 Typical and Atypical Scenario Development
	2.9 Design Objectives
	2.10 Chapter Summary
	2.11 Questions and Discussion Topics
	2.12 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 3 Goals and Responsibilities
	3.1 Understanding Work in the “As-Is” System
	3.2 Goals
	3.3 Modeling Goals
	3.4 Modeling: Goal Hierarchies in a Goal Diagram—“As-Is” System
		3.4.1 Modeling Objective
		3.4.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		3.4.3 Considerations
		3.4.4 Example Application
	3.5 Modeling: Concept Maps
		3.5.1 Modeling Objective
		3.5.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		3.5.3 Considerations
		3.5.4 Example Application
	3.6 Modeling: Goal–Responsibility Diagrams—“As-Is” System
		3.6.1 Modeling Objective
		3.6.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		3.6.3 Considerations
		3.6.4 Example Application
	3.7 Chapter Summary
	3.8 Questions and Discussion Topics
	3.9 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 4 What Is Teaming?
	4.1 Why Focus on Human Teaming?
	4.2 Why Do We Team?
	4.3 Types of Teams
	4.4 Timing of Communication during Teaming
	4.5 Mental Models and Effect on Communication
		4.5.1 Mental Models
		4.5.2 Shared Mental Models
		4.5.3 Transactive Memory Systems
	4.6 Defining Interdependence and Coordination
	4.7 Communication and Coordination
	4.8 Types and Cost of Coordination in Teamwork
		4.8.1 Fully Explicit Coordination
		4.8.2 Implicit Coordination
	4.9 Modeling: Updating Goal Hierarchy and Goal–Responsibility Diagram—“To-Be” System
		4.9.1 Modeling Objective
		4.9.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		4.9.3 Considerations
		4.9.4 Example Application
	4.10 Chapter Summary
	4.11 Questions and Discussion Topics
	4.12 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 5 Automation and System Redesign
	5.1 Defining Goals and Understanding of the “To-Be” System
	5.2 Why Automate?
		5.2.1 Promise of Cost Reduction
		5.2.2 System Safety, Decision-Making, and Resilience
		5.2.3 Increasing Factual Knowledge
		5.2.4 Improving Organization Performance
	5.3 Identify and Detail Purpose of Redesign
		5.3.1 Asynchronous Communication Support
		5.3.2 Accident Avoidance
		5.3.3 Human Error Reduction
		5.3.4 Directed Attention
		5.3.5 Understanding Complex Information Spaces
		5.3.6 Option Generator
	5.4 Modeling: Updating Goal Hierarchy and Goal–Responsibility Diagram—Identifying Purpose of Redesign
		5.4.1 Modeling Objective
		5.4.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		5.4.3 Considerations
		5.4.4 Example Application: Redesign Purpose of “To-Be” System
	5.5 Chapter Summary
	5.6 Questions and Discussion Topics
	5.7 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 6 AI Methods and Agent Architectures
	6.1 Designing the “To-Be” System
	6.2 AI: Thinking about Intelligence
		6.2.1 Wave 1: First Principles AI
		6.2.2 Wave 2: Expert Systems
		6.2.3 Wave 3: Statistical Machine Learning
		6.2.4 Deep Learning
		6.2.5 Unsupervised Learning
		6.2.6 AI Techniques and Agents
	6.3 Agents and Architectures
		6.3.1 AI Agent Definitions
		6.3.2 AI Agent Architectures
	6.4 Modeling: Responsibility-Capability Diagram
		6.4.1 Modeling Objective
		6.4.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		6.4.3 Considerations
		6.4.4 Example Application
	6.5 Chapter Summary
	6.6 Questions and Discussion Topics
	6.7 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 7 Allocation
	7.1 Allocation Defined
	7.2 Leftover Principle
	7.3 Compensatory Principle
		7.3.1 “Best” Agent Fallacy
		7.3.2 Single Agent Fallacy
		7.3.3 Single Performer Fallacy
		7.3.4 A Quick Review of the Compensatory Principle
	7.4 Complementarity Principle
	7.5 Allocation Design and Human–AI Agent Teaming
	7.6 Modeling: Agent Capability Assessment Table
		7.6.1 Modeling Objective
		7.6.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		7.6.3 Considerations
		7.6.4 Example Application
	7.7 Chapter Summary
	7.8 Questions and Discussion Topics
	7.9 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 8 Human–AI Agent Team Architectural Patterns
	8.1 Human–AI Agent Team Patterns
		8.1.1 Patterns for Human–AI Team Dyads
		8.1.2 Patterns for Larger Human–AI Teams
	8.2 Developing Your Architecture
	8.3 Modeling: Agent Diagram
		8.3.1 Modeling Objective
		8.3.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		8.3.3 Considerations
		8.3.4 Example Application
	8.4 Modeling: Allocated Agent Capability Table
		8.4.1 Modeling Objective
		8.4.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		8.4.3 Example Application
	8.5 Modeling: RASCI Allocation Table
		8.5.1 Modeling Objective
		8.5.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		8.5.3 Considerations
		8.5.4 Example Application
	8.6 Chapter Summary
	8.7 Questions and Discussion Topics
	8.8 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 9 Decision-Making and Decision Support Systems
	9.1 Returning to Human–AI Agent Team Patterns
	9.2 Decision-Making and the Importance of Judgment
	9.3 Human Decision-Making
	9.4 Decision Support System Design Considerations
	9.5 Modeling: Decision-Information-Data Diagrams
		9.5.1 Modeling Objective
		9.5.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		9.5.3 Considerations
		9.5.4 Example Application
	9.6 Chapter Summary
	9.7 Questions and Discussion Topics
	9.8 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 10 Designing for Exceptions
	10.1 Validating the “To-Be” System
	10.2 Evaluating and Refining Your HAT
	10.3 The Three Stages in Exception Handling
		10.3.1 Anomaly Detection
		10.3.2 Anomaly Diagnosis
		10.3.3 Anomaly Response
	10.4 Defining Anomalies in Your System
	10.5 Modeling: Typical/Atypical Scenarios
		10.5.1 Modeling Objective
		10.5.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		10.5.3 Considerations
		10.5.4 Example Application
	10.6 Chapter Summary
	10.7 Questions and Discussion Topics
	10.8 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 11 System Validation through Coactive Design
	11.1 Defining Coactive Design
	11.2 Division of Work and Levels of Abstraction
	11.3 Capacity and the Importance of Backup Behaviors
	11.4 Designing for Observability, Predictability, and Directability
	11.5 Using OPD Elements to Build Trust and Alert Suspicion
		11.5.1 OPDs to Communicate AI Agent Performance
		11.5.2 OPDs to Communicate Transparency of Behavior
		11.5.3 OPDs to Increase the Understanding of Designed Capabilities
	11.6 Modeling: Coactive Design Process and Table
		11.6.1 Modeling Objective
		11.6.2 Diagram Components and Composition
		11.6.3 Considerations
		11.6.4 Example Application
	11.7 Chapter Summary
	11.8 Questions and Discussion Topics
	11.9 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 12 Human Capabilities and Capacity
	12.1 Differentiating Human and Artificial Intelligence
	12.2 Humans and Analogy
	12.3 Human Attention and Situation Awareness
	12.4 Vigilance
	12.5 Workload
	12.6 Fatigue
	12.7 Response Time and Accountability
	12.8 Chapter Summary
	12.9 Questions and Discussion Topics
	12.10 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 13 Completing System Specifications in the AOSM
	13.1 Generate Specifications
	13.2 Philosophy of Requirements
	13.3 Writing Useful Requirements
	13.4 An Alternate Specification through User Stories
	13.5 Specifying Functional Requirements from Capabilities
	13.6 Human Procedures and Training
	13.7 Translating OPD Elements to Interface Requirements
	13.8 Chapter Summary
	13.9 Questions and Discussion Topics
	13.10 Project Questions and Assignments
	References
Chapter 14 Future of Agent-Oriented Systems Modeling
	14.1 Maintaining a Robust Model
	14.2 Looking Beyond Design to Sustainment
	14.3 Modeling to Predict Operational Effects
	14.4 Challenges in Modeling Evolving Systems
	14.5 What Is the Future?
	14.6 Chapter Summary
	14.7 Questions and Discussion Topics
	References
Appendix A: AOSM Profile, Language Extension
Glossary
Author Index
Subject Index