Integrated Reservoir Asset Management. Principles and Best Practices

Front matter......Page 2
Copyright\r......Page 3
Preface\r......Page 4
About the Author\r......Page 6
History of Drilling Methods......Page 7
Modern Drilling Methods......Page 8
Production Systems......Page 10
Reservoir Management......Page 11
Recovery Efficiency......Page 13
Reservoir Management and Economics......Page 14
Reservoir Management and the Environment......Page 17
Sustainable Development......Page 18
Global Climate Change......Page 19
Exercises......Page 21
The Origin of Fossil Fuels......Page 23
Temperature......Page 24
Composition......Page 25
Compressibility......Page 26
Specific Gravity......Page 27
Heating Value......Page 28
Classification of Petroleum Fluids......Page 29
The P-T Diagram......Page 30
Miscibility......Page 32
Representation of Fluid Properties......Page 33
The Black Oil Model......Page 34
The Compositional Model......Page 35
Exercises......Page 38
The Geologic History of the Earth......Page 39
Rock Formations and Facies......Page 42
Facies......Page 44
Petroleum Occurrence......Page 45
Geochemistry......Page 46
Basin Modeling......Page 48
Porous Media......Page 49
Tortuosity......Page 50
Permeability......Page 51
Volumetric Analysis......Page 52
Exercises......Page 53
Bulk Volume and Net Volume......Page 55
Effective Pore Volume......Page 56
Darcy\'s Law and Permeability......Page 57
The Validity of Darcy\'s Law......Page 59
Radial Flow of Liquids......Page 60
Radial Flow of Gases......Page 61
Properties of Permeability......Page 63
Parallel Beds-Linear Flow......Page 64
Parallel Beds-Radial Flow......Page 65
Random Flow......Page 66
Transmissibility......Page 67
The Dykstra-Parsons Coefficient......Page 69
The Lorenz Coefficient......Page 70
Darcy\'s Law with Directional Permeability......Page 71
Vertical Permeability......Page 74
Exercises......Page 75
Reservoir Scales......Page 76
Reservoir Heterogeneity......Page 78
Physics of Waves......Page 79
Propagation of Seismic Waves......Page 81
Acoustic Impedance and Reflection Coefficients......Page 83
Seismic Data Acquisition, Processing, and Interpretation......Page 85
Vertical Resolution......Page 87
Lateral Resolution......Page 88
Exploration versus Development Geophysics......Page 89
Seismic Stratigraphy......Page 90
Sequence Stratigraphy......Page 91
Exercises......Page 93
Elastic Constants......Page 94
Elasticity Theory......Page 98
Hooke\'s Law......Page 99
Effective Vertical Stress......Page 100
Key Assumptions for the Petroelastic Model......Page 101
IFM Petroelastic Model Velocities......Page 102
IFM Petroelastic Model Moduli......Page 103
IFM Petroelastic Model Effective Pressure......Page 105
The Geomechanical Model......Page 106
What Is 4-D Seismic Monitoring?......Page 109
Forward Modeling......Page 110
Guidelines for Applying 4-D Seismic Monitoring......Page 111
Exercises......Page 113
Drilling Methods......Page 114
Well Logging Principles......Page 116
Depth of Investigation......Page 117
Sample Logs......Page 118
Spontaneous Potential Logs......Page 119
Density Logs......Page 120
Acoustic Logs......Page 121
Neutron Logs......Page 122
Resistivity Logs......Page 123
Induction Logs......Page 124
MWD and LWD......Page 125
Cutoffs......Page 126
Log Suites......Page 127
Exercises......Page 129
Pressure Transient Testing......Page 130
Oil Well Pressure Transient Testing......Page 131
Flow Regimes......Page 133
Diagnostic Analysis of Pressure Transient Tests......Page 134
The Pressure Buildup Test......Page 135
Wellbore Storage......Page 138
Interpreting Pressure Transient Tests......Page 140
Gas Well Pressure Transient Testing......Page 141
Diffusivity Equation......Page 142
Pressure Drawdown Analysis......Page 144
The Radius of Investigation......Page 145
Well Test Capabilities......Page 146
Exercises......Page 149
Decline Curve Analysis......Page 150
Gas Well Deliverability......Page 152
The Laminar-Inertial-Turbulent Method......Page 153
Oil Reservoir Material Balance......Page 154
The Gas Reservoir Material Balance......Page 157
Production Performance Ratios and Drive Mechanisms......Page 158
Primary Production......Page 160
Secondary Production......Page 161
Tracer Test Information......Page 162
Realistic Tracers for Aqueous Systems......Page 164
Tracer Test Design......Page 165
Exercises......Page 170
Interfacial Tension......Page 172
Wettability......Page 173
Oil-Water Capillary Pressure......Page 174
Capillary Pressure Measurement......Page 175
Capillary Pressure and Pore Radius......Page 176
Capillary Pressure Correction......Page 177
Leverett\'s J-Function......Page 178
Equivalent Height and Transition Zone......Page 179
Effective Permeability and Relative Permeability......Page 181
Oil-Water Two-Phase Relative Permeability......Page 182
Relative Permeability and Wettability......Page 183
Two-Phase Relative Permeability Correlations......Page 184
Three-Phase Relative Permeability......Page 185
Mobility, Relative Mobility, and Flow Capacity......Page 186
Mobility Ratio......Page 187
Flow Capacity......Page 188
Exercises......Page 189
Flow Units......Page 191
The Modified Lorenz Plot......Page 192
Traditional Mapping......Page 194
Computer-Generated Mapping......Page 196
Weighted Averaging......Page 197
Geostatistics and Kriging......Page 198
Semivariograms......Page 200
Kriging......Page 201
Geostatistical Modeling......Page 202
Step 3: Search Ellipse Design......Page 203
Step 5: Kriging......Page 204
Step 7: Uncertainty Assessment......Page 205
Visualization Technology......Page 206
Exercises......Page 208
Fractional Flow......Page 209
The Simplified Fractional Flow Equation......Page 210
The Fractional Flow Equation with Gravity......Page 211
Gas Fractional Flow......Page 212
The Buckley-Leverett Theory......Page 213
Welge\'s Method......Page 215
Frontal Advance......Page 217
Linear Stability Analysis......Page 220
Well Patterns......Page 222
Pattern Recovery......Page 224
Exercises......Page 225
Continuity Equation......Page 227
The Convection-Diffusion Equation......Page 229
The Convection-Dispersion Equation......Page 230
Darcy\'s Law......Page 232
Black Oil Model Equations......Page 233
Integrated Flow Model Equations......Page 236
Volume Integration and Discretization......Page 238
The Well Model......Page 240
Overview of PI Calculation Procedure......Page 242
The Porosity-Permeability Model Steps 7 and 8......Page 243
Calculate PI Step 9......Page 244
Exercises......Page 245
Sources of Rock Data......Page 246
Sources of Fluid Data......Page 247
Constant Composition Expansion......Page 248
Differential Liberation......Page 249
The Multiple Contact Miscibility Test......Page 251
Sources of Field Performance Data......Page 252
Data Management......Page 253
Data Preparation......Page 256
Exercises......Page 259
Step G2: Identify Key Parameters and Associated Uncertainties......Page 260
Step G3: Generate Forecast of Field Performance Results......Page 261
Step G4: Generate Distribution of Field Performance Results......Page 264
Brown Field Modeling......Page 266
Deterministic Reservoir Forecasting......Page 267
Predictions......Page 269
Step B2: Identify Key Parameters and Associated Uncertainties......Page 270
Step B3: Identify History Match Criteria and History Match Variables......Page 271
Step B4: Generate Set of Field Performance Results......Page 272
Step B5: Determine Quality of History Match......Page 274
Step B6: Generate Distribution of Field Performance Results......Page 276
Guidelines for Modern Flow Modeling......Page 278
Exercises......Page 280
Immiscible Displacement......Page 282
Miscible......Page 283
Microbial......Page 284
Coalbed Methane......Page 285
Gas Hydrates......Page 286
Shale Oil and Tar Sands......Page 287
Geothermal Reservoir Management......Page 288
Geothermal Heating Systems......Page 289
Managing Geothermal Reservoirs......Page 290
Sequestration......Page 291
Compressed Air Energy Storage......Page 292
Storing Intermittent Renewable Energy......Page 293
Exercises......Page 295
Volume......Page 297
Energy......Page 298
Volumetric Flow Rate......Page 299
IFLO User’s Manual\r......Page 300
Program Overview......Page 302
Input Data File......Page 303
Model Dimensions......Page 304
Modifications to Grid Dimensions......Page 306
Depths to Top of Gridblocks......Page 307
Porosity and Permeability......Page 308
Modifications to Porosities and Permeabilities......Page 309
Definition of Rock Regions......Page 311
Porosity-Permeability Model for Transmissibility Calculation......Page 312
Modifications to Pore Volumes and Transmissibilities......Page 313
Moduli and Grain Densities......Page 315
Confining Pressure and Clay Content for IFM Model......Page 317
Modifications to Confining Pressure and Clay Content......Page 318
Dynamic to Static Conversion of Young\'s Modulus and Poisson\'s Ratio......Page 319
Fluid PVT Tables......Page 320
Miscible Solvent Data......Page 323
Pressure and Saturation Initialization......Page 326
Run Control Parameters......Page 328
Coal Gas Model......Page 331
Timestep and Output Control......Page 333
Well Information......Page 335
Recurrent Data......Page 342
Material Balance Error File-ITEMP.MBE......Page 343
References\r......Page 344
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M\r......Page 357
P\r......Page 358
S\r......Page 359
W\r......Page 360
Y\r......Page 361