Integrated Procedures in Facial Cosmetic Surgery

Foreword
A Word About Our Talented Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Videos
Part I: Introduction
	1: Facial Cosmetic Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Past, Present, and Future
		1.1	 Plastic Surgery
			1.1.1	 Introduction
			1.1.2	 Historical Evidence
				1.1.2.1	 Edwin Smith Papyrus
				1.1.2.2	 Iran
				1.1.2.3	 Sushruta: Father of Surgery
				1.1.2.4	 Barbaric Customs
				1.1.2.5	 Greco-Roman Period
				1.1.2.6	 Early Middle Ages: Fall of Rome, Christianity Spread
				1.1.2.7	 Renaissance: The Rise of Barber-Surgeons
				1.1.2.8	 Gaspare Tagliacozzi: The Pioneer of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Procedures
			1.1.3	 Terminology
			1.1.4	 The Seventeenth to Twentieth Centuries
				1.1.4.1	 World War Impacts
			1.1.5	 Achievements in Anesthesia and Infection Prevention
			1.1.6	 Growth in Demand for Cosmetic Surgery in the West
			1.1.7	 The First Specialized Text About Cosmetic Surgery
			1.1.8	 Johns Hopkins University
			1.1.9	 First Modern Procedures
			1.1.10	 Initiation of the Publications
			1.1.11	 Formation of Boards and Associations
			1.1.12	 Modern Facial Plastic Surgery
				1.1.12.1	 Jacques Joseph
				1.1.12.2	 Leading Surgeons
			1.1.13	 Public Awareness About Plastic Surgery
				1.1.13.1	 The 2000s: Growing Popularity of Cosmetic Surgery
			1.1.14	 Current State: New Trends, Minimally Invasive Procedures
			1.1.15	 Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Surgery
			1.1.16	 Prospect
		1.2	 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
			1.2.1	 Overview
			1.2.2	 Exploration in History
				1.2.2.1	 Islamic Period
				1.2.2.2	 Renaissance Period
				1.2.2.3	 United States: Since the 1800s
			1.2.3	 Evolvement: Ups and Downs
			1.2.4	 Associations and Organizations
			1.2.5	 Aim and Scope
			1.2.6	 Evolution, Improvements, and Spread
			1.2.7	 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Bridge Between Medical and Dental Fields
		1.3	 Cosmetic and Reconstructive Aspect of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
		References
	2: Multidisciplinary Approach: A New Shift in Facial Cosmetic Surgery
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Trust and Team Trust
		2.3	 The Ability to Overcome Adversity
		2.4	 The Ability to Overcome Personal Differences and Team Work
		2.5	 Collective Leadership and Exchange
		2.6	 Inspiration
		2.7	 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Principles and Baselines
	3: Facial Aesthetic Units
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 The Facial Aesthetic Units
			3.2.1	 Forehead Unit
			3.2.2	 Nasal Unit
			3.2.3	 Upper and Lower Eyelid Units
			3.2.4	 Cheek Units
			3.2.5	 Lip Unit
			3.2.6	 Mental Unit
			3.2.7	 Auricular Units
			3.2.8	 Neck Unit
		3.3	 Novel Topography Regions of the Face and Neck
		3.4	 Clinical Applications
		References
	4: Facial Analysis and Clinical Evaluation Charts
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Basic Analysis
		4.3	 Dentofacial Deformities
			4.3.1	 Facial Height
			4.3.2	 Anterior-Posterior Relationship
				4.3.2.1	 Class III Sagittal Discrepancy
				4.3.2.2	 Class II Sagittal Discrepancy
		4.4	 The Facial Upper Third
			4.4.1	 Forehead
			4.4.2	 Eyebrows, Eyes, and Lids
		4.5	 Nose
			4.5.1	 Nasal Upper Third
			4.5.2	 Nasal Middle Third
			4.5.3	 Nasal Lower Third
				4.5.3.1	 The Nose-Upper Lip Relationship
		4.6	 Midface
			4.6.1	 Hinderer Analysis and Wilkinson Analysis
		4.7	 The Facial Lower Third
			4.7.1	 Lip Assessment
			4.7.2	 Smile
			4.7.3	 Chin
		4.8	 The Neck
		References
	5: Principles of Facial Photography
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Portraits
			5.2.1	 Equipment
			5.2.2	 Settings
			5.2.3	 Portrait Portfolio
		5.3	 Lips Photography
			5.3.1	 Equipment
			5.3.2	 Settings
			5.3.3	 Lips Portfolio
		5.4	 Teeth Photography
			5.4.1	 Equipment
			5.4.2	 Settings
			5.4.3	 Portrait Portfolio
		5.5	 Case Photography
		References
	6: The Anatomic Basis of Facial Surgical Complications
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Skin
		6.3	 Bony Structures
		6.4	 Cartilaginous Structures
			6.4.1	 Nose
			6.4.2	 Ears
			6.4.3	 Temporomandibular Joint
		6.5	 Muscular Structures
			6.5.1	 The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System
			6.5.2	 The Muscles of Facial Expression
			6.5.3	 Muscles of Mastication
		6.6	 Vascular Structures
			6.6.1	 General Blood Supply to the Face
			6.6.2	 Blood Supply to the Orbit
			6.6.3	 Blood Supply to the Nose
			6.6.4	 The Venous System
		6.7	 Neurological Structures
			6.7.1	 The Great Auricular Nerve
			6.7.2	 The Facial Nerve
			6.7.3	 The Trigeminal Nerve
				6.7.3.1	 The Ophthalmic Division
				6.7.3.2	 The Maxillary Division
				6.7.3.3	 The Mandibular Division
		6.8	 Fat Pads of the Face
		6.9	 Retaining Ligaments of the Face
			6.9.1	 Periorbital Ligaments
			6.9.2	 Retaining Ligaments of the Midface
			6.9.3	 Retaining Ligaments of the Mandible
		6.10	 Summary
		References
Part III: Facial Bone Contouring: Genioplasty
	7: Augmentation Genioplasty
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Clinical Evaluation
		7.3	 Surgical Technique
			7.3.1	 Chin and Mental Nerve Dissection Exposure
				7.3.1.1	 Extraoral Versus Intraoral Approach
				7.3.1.2	 Subperiosteal Dissection
				7.3.1.3	 Mental Nerve Dissection
				7.3.1.4	 Dissection and Protection
				7.3.1.5	 Dissection and Retraction
				7.3.1.6	 Identification Without Dissection
				7.3.1.7	 Dividing and Repairing
			7.3.2	 Osteotomy Design
			7.3.3	 Alloplastic Genioplasty
		7.4	 Fixation
		7.5	 Soft Tissue Management
		References
	8: Reduction Genioplasty
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Methods
			8.2.1	 Horizontal T Genioplasty
			8.2.2	 Zigzag Genioplasty
			8.2.3	 The V-Line Jaw Operation: Narrowing Genioplasty Using Mandible Reduction [7]
				8.2.3.1	 Vital Tips
		References
	9: Alloplastic Chin Augmentation
		9.1	 Patient Evaluation and Planning
		9.2	 Choosing an Implant
		9.3	 Surgical Approach
		9.4	 Complications
		References
	10: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Genioplasty
		10.1	 Case 1
			10.1.1	 Rhinoplasty Combined with Chin Implant
				10.1.1.1	 Major Deformity
				10.1.1.2	 Minor Deformity
				10.1.1.3	 History
			10.1.2	 Analysis of Preoperative Photos
			10.1.3	 Interval from Surgery to Postoperative Views
			10.1.4	 Analysis of Postoperative Views
			10.1.5	 Editors’ Note
			10.1.6	 Surgical Steps
		10.2	 Case 2
			10.2.1	 Reduction Genioplasty Combined with Rhinoplasty
				10.2.1.1	 History
			10.2.2	 Analysis of Preoperative Photos
			10.2.3	 Interval from Surgery to Postoperative Views
			10.2.4	 Analysis of Postoperative Views
			10.2.5	 Surgical Steps
		References
Part IV: Facial Bone Contouring: Malarplasty
	11: Malar Bone Augmentation Using Malar Osteotomies
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Augmentation Malarplasty
			11.2.1	 Clinical Evaluation
			11.2.2	 Surgical Techniques
		11.3	 Computer-Assisted Malar Osteotomy
			11.3.1	 Virtual Planning
			11.3.2	 Surgical Technique
			11.3.3	 Augmentation of the Infraorbital Rim in Orthognathic Surgery
		References
	12: Malar Reduction
		12.1	 Applied Anatomy
			12.1.1	 Muscles Adjacent to Zygoma
			12.1.2	 Zygomaticofacial Foramen (ZFF)
			12.1.3	 Deep Facial Vein (DFV)
			12.1.4	 Maxillary Sinuses
		12.2	 Preoperative Facial Analysis
		12.3	 Radiologic Evaluation
		12.4	 Surgical Technique of L-Type Reduction Malarplasty
			12.4.1	 Step 1. Zygomatic Arch Osteotomy
			12.4.2	 Step 2. Zygomatic Body Osteotomy: L-Type Osteotomy
			12.4.3	 Step 3. Segment Repositioning: Three-Dimensional Reposition
			12.4.4	 Step 4. Internal Fixation: Non-rigid vs. Rigid Fixation, One Fixation vs. Two Fixations
		12.5	 Complications
			12.5.1	 Bleeding
			12.5.2	 Maxillary Sinusitis
			12.5.3	 Cheek Drooping
			12.5.4	 Nonunion
			12.5.5	 Malar Numbness
			12.5.6	 Asymmetry/Undercorrection/Overcorrection
		References
Part V: Facial Bone Contouring: Other Aesthetic Units
	13: Mandibular Angle Reduction
		13.1	 Background
			13.1.1	 Historical Background
			13.1.2	 Diagnosis and Determination of Reduction Amount
		13.2	 Soft Tissue Management for Prominent Mandibular Angle
			13.2.1	 Myotomy for the Masseter Muscle
			13.2.2	 Botulinum Toxin (BTX) Injection
			13.2.3	 Radiofrequency (RF) Therapy
		13.3	 Bone Resection for the Management of Prominent Mandibular Angle
			13.3.1	 Angloplasty Using CAD/CAM Technique
			13.3.2	 Lateral Corticotomy
		13.4	 Complications and Management
		References
	14: Mandibular Angle Augmentation
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Surgical Technique
		References
	15: Paranasal, Malar, and Submalar Augmentation Using Implants
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Techniques
			15.2.1	 Implant
				15.2.1.1	 Implants and Deficiencies
				15.2.1.2	 Surgery
			15.2.2	 Cheek Implants to Enhance Facelift Results
			15.2.3	 Cheek Implants to Enhance Orthognathic Surgery Results
			15.2.4	 U-Shaped Osteotomy (USO) in the Management of Paranasal Deficiency: An Alternative
		References
	16: Frontal Bossing Reduction
		16.1	 Background
		16.2	 Etiology
		16.3	 Anatomy
			16.3.1	 Frontal Bone
			16.3.2	 Frontal Sinus
		16.4	 Facial Analysis
			16.4.1	 Frontal View
				16.4.1.1	 Forehead Width
				16.4.1.2	 Forehead Height
			16.4.2	 Profile View
				16.4.2.1	 Forehead Inclination
				16.4.2.2	 Supraorbital Rim Projection
				16.4.2.3	 Morphology of the Glabellar-Nasal Radix Region
			16.4.3	 Superior View
				16.4.3.1	 Curvilinear Relationships
		16.5	 Surgical Management of Frontal Bossing
			16.5.1	 Hypersinus
				16.5.1.1	 Surgical Technique
			16.5.2	 Pneumosinus Dilatans
				16.5.2.1	 Grafts
				16.5.2.2	 Surgical Technique
			16.5.3	 Pneumocele [19]
				16.5.3.1	 Surgical Technique
				16.5.3.2	 Postsurgical Predictive Theoretical Thickness (PTT)
			16.5.4	 Endoscopic Surgery
				16.5.4.1	 Surgical Technique
		References
	17: Facial Prosthesis: Conventional Methods Versus 3D Concepts
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Developments
		17.3	 Types of Maxillofacial Prostheses
			17.3.1	 Palatal Obturator Prostheses
			17.3.2	 Tongue Prostheses
			17.3.3	 Mandibular Prostheses
			17.3.4	 Nasal Prostheses
			17.3.5	 Ocular Prostheses
			17.3.6	 Auricular Prostheses
			17.3.7	 Cranial Prosthesis
			17.3.8	 Complex Facial Prostheses
			17.3.9	 Radiotherapy Prostheses
		17.4	 The Materials
		17.5	 Fixation
		17.6	 Consideration
		References
	18: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Facial Contouring
		18.1	 Case
		18.2	 History
		18.3	 Analysis of Preoperative Photos
		18.4	 Analysis of Postoperative Views
		18.5	 Surgical Steps
		18.6	 Q/A Discussion
		References
Part VI: New Trends in Rhinoplasty
	19: Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty
		19.1	 Selecting the Appropriate Treatment
			19.1.1	 Anatomy
			19.1.2	 Nasal SMAS
			19.1.3	 Nasal Ligaments
			19.1.4	 Nasal Vascularity
		19.2	 Options for Augmentation Rhinoplasty
			19.2.1	 Use of Fillers
		19.3	 When Done Using Injections
			19.3.1	 Dorsum
			19.3.2	 Tip
			19.3.3	 Alar
		19.4	 Discussion
		19.5	 “HYAL Flooding Hypothesis”
		19.6	 Threads for the Nose [14] (Fig. 19.13)
		References
	20: Novel Techniques in Rhinoplasty
		20.1	 Novel Techniques in Nasal Tip Surgery
			20.1.1	 Three-Dimensional Cartilage Graft Technique
				20.1.1.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.1.1.2	 Advantages of the Technique
			20.1.2	 Lateral Crural Suspension Flap Technique
				20.1.2.1	 Surgical Methods
				20.1.2.2	 Restrictions
			20.1.3	 Lateral Crural Transposition Flap Technique (LLC)
				20.1.3.1	 Surgical Technique
			20.1.4	 The Sandwiched Lateral Crural Reinforcement Graft
				20.1.4.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.1.4.2	 Advantages of the Technique
				20.1.4.3	 Restrictions
			20.1.5	 Transcutaneous Alar Rim Graft (TARG)
				20.1.5.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.1.5.2	 Advantages
			20.1.6	 Vertical Alar Folding Technique
				20.1.6.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.1.6.2	 Advantages
		20.2	 New Methods in Lateral Osteotomy
			20.2.1	 The Intraoral Approach Using Diamond Burr in Lateral Osteotomy
				20.2.1.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.2.1.2	 Advantages of the Technique
			20.2.2	 Internal Osteotomy with Piezoelectric Surgery
				20.2.2.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.2.2.2	 Advantages
			20.2.3	 Splint-Guide Method in External Osteotomy
				20.2.3.1	 Surgical Technique
		20.3	 New Methods in Nasal Dorsum Surgery
			20.3.1	 Docile Splay Graft
				20.3.1.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.3.1.2	 Advantages of the Technique
			20.3.2	 Diced Cartilage Grafts Wrapped in AlloDerm
				20.3.2.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.3.2.2	 Advantages of the Technique
			20.3.3	 Spreader Graft Placement Without Dorsum Resection
				20.3.3.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.3.3.2	 Advantages of the Technique
			20.3.4	 Endonasal Spreader Graft Method Through Barbed Suture
				20.3.4.1	 Surgical Technique
		20.4	 Recent Advances in Nasal Base Surgery
			20.4.1	 Alar Release and Medialization
				20.4.1.1	 Surgical Technique
				20.4.1.2	 Indications
		20.5	 Novel Techniques in Asian Rhinoplasty
			20.5.1	 Modified Septal Extension Graft (SEG)
				20.5.1.1	 Surgical Techniques
				20.5.1.2	 Advantages
			20.5.2	 Hybrid Nasal Dorsal Graft
				20.5.2.1	 Nasal Tip Projection Using SEGs
				20.5.2.2	 Hybrid Autologous Nasal Dorsal Grafts
				20.5.2.3	 Advantages
				20.5.2.4	 Restrictions
			20.5.3	 Modified VDD Technique
				20.5.3.1	 Surgical Techniques
		20.6	 Preservation Rhinoplasty (PR)
			20.6.1	 Dorsum
			20.6.2	 Alar Cartilages
			20.6.3	 Pushdown Operation (PDO)
				20.6.3.1	 Surgical Techniques
					Resection of Septal Cartilage
					Bony Pyramid Mobilization
					Dorsum Reduction
				20.6.3.2	 Advantages of the Current DPO
			20.6.4	 Autospreader Flap Technique
				20.6.4.1	 Indications and Contraindications
				20.6.4.2	 Restrictions
		References
	21: Controversies in Modern Rhinoplasty
		21.1	 Suture Techniques
			21.1.1	 Tongue-in-Groove Technique
			21.1.2	 Lateral Steal Suture Technique
			21.1.3	 Suspension Suture (Fig. 21.3)
			21.1.4	 Medial Crura Suture (Fig. 21.4)
			21.1.5	 The Middle Crura Suture (Fig. 21.5)
			21.1.6	 Interdomal Suture (Fig. 21.6)
			21.1.7	 Transdomal Suture (Fig. 21.7)
			21.1.8	 Lateral Crura Suture (Fig. 21.8)
			21.1.9	 Medial Crura Septal Suture (Fig. 21.9)
			21.1.10 Tip Rotation Suture
			21.1.11 Intercrura Suture
			21.1.12 Lateral Crural Spanning Suture
		21.2	 Grafting Techniques
			21.2.1	 Spreader Graft
		21.3	 Spreader Graft Limitations
			21.3.1	 Autospreader Flap
		21.4	 Splay Graft
		21.5	 Septal Extension Graft
		21.6	 Shield Graft
		21.7	 Strut Graft
			21.7.1	 Diced Cartilage Graft
		21.8	 Diced Cartilage Fibrin Glue Graft
		21.9	 Rib Block
		21.10	 Subtotal Septoplasty Reconstruction
		21.11	 The Comparison of Different Techniques in Reconstructive Rhinoplasty: Which One Is the Best Maneuver?
		21.12	 Osteotomy vs. Piezosurgery
		21.13	 Piezo Surgery
		21.14	 Splinting vs. Non-splinting
		References
	22: Revision Rhinoplasty
		22.1	 Introduction
		22.2	 Step 1. Recognition
		22.3	 Step 2. Consultation
		22.4	 Step 3. Timing
		22.5	 Step 4. Restructuring the Nose
		22.6	 Step 5. Graft-Depleted Patient
		22.7	 Conclusion
		References
	23: Multi-operated Nose
		References
	24: Minimally Invasive Rhinoplasty
		24.1	 Introduction
			24.1.1 Preoperative Patient Evaluation
			24.1.2 Marking on the Table
			24.1.3 Vasoconstrictor Injection
			24.1.4 Approach
			24.1.5 Incisions
			24.1.6 Dissection
			24.1.7 Upper Lateral Cartilages Splitting from the Septum
			24.1.8 Septoplasty
			24.1.9 Caudal Part of the Septum
			24.1.10 Cartilaginous Hump
			24.1.11 Bony Hump Removal
			24.1.12 Osteotomies
			24.1.13 Tip Plasty
			24.1.14 Grafting as in a Closed Approach
			24.1.15 Suturing the Incisions
			24.1.16 Alar Base Resection
			24.1.17 Splinting and Dressing
		References
	25: Complications in Rhinoplasty
		25.1	 Introduction
		25.2	 Upper Third
			25.2.1 Nasal Bone Irregularity
			25.2.2 Open Roof Deformity
			25.2.3 Pinched Upper Vault
			25.2.4 Bony Pyramid Collapse
			25.2.5 Rocker Deformity
			25.2.6 Step Deformity
			25.2.7 Deep Nasofrontal Angle
			25.2.8 Shallow Nasofrontal Angle
			25.2.9 Upper Third Widening
			25.2.10 Upper Third Overcorrection
			25.2.11 Upper Third Asymmetry
		25.3	 Middle Third
			25.3.1 Polly Beak Deformity
			25.3.2 Inverted-V Deformity
			25.3.3 Distraction of Upper Lateral Cartilage
			25.3.4 Middle Third Widening
			25.3.5 Middle Third Convexity
			25.3.6 Middle Third Saddling
			25.3.7 Middle Third Asymmetry
		25.4	 Lower Third
			25.4.1 Cephalic Excision
			25.4.2 Nasal Tip Bossa
			25.4.3 Hanging Columella
			25.4.4 Retracted Columella
			25.4.5 Hanging Alae
			25.4.6 Retracted Alae
			25.4.7 Alar Base
			25.4.8 Buttonholing of Skin
			25.4.9 Nasal Valve Collapse
			25.4.10 Boxy Tip
			25.4.11 Pinched Tip
			25.4.12 Tip Asymmetry
			25.4.13 Tip Projection Deformity
			25.4.14 Wide Columella
			25.4.15 Alar Notching
			25.4.16 Alar Cartilage Collapse
			25.4.17 Nostril Asymmetry
			25.4.18 Retracted Nasolabial Angle
			25.4.19 Obtuse Nasolabial Angle
		25.5	 General Complications
			25.5.1 Skin Necrosis
			25.5.2 Contact Dermatitis
			25.5.3 Scar Hypertrophy
			25.5.4 Oleogranuloma
			25.5.5 Dorsal Cyst
			25.5.6 Graft or Implant Displacement
			25.5.7 Deformed Nose
			25.5.8 Underlying Maxillofacial Deformity
		25.6	 Case Presentation
			25.6.1 Case #1
				25.6.1.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.1.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
			25.6.2 Case #2
				25.6.2.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.2.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
			25.6.3 Case #3
				25.6.3.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.3.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
			25.6.4 Case #4
				25.6.4.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.4.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
			25.6.5 Case #5
				25.6.5.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.5.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
			25.6.6 Case #6
				25.6.6.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.6.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
			25.6.7 Case #7
				25.6.7.1	 Findings After Clinical Evaluation
				25.6.7.2	 Surgical Treatment Plan
		References
	26: Preservation Rhinoplasty
		26.1	 History and Today of Preservation Rhinoplasty
		26.2	 Why Preservation Rhinoplasty?
		26.3	 Relevant Anatomy
		26.4	 Preservation Rhinoplasty
			26.4.1 Anesthesia
			26.4.2 Special Surgical Instruments for PR
			26.4.3 Incisions
			26.4.4 Dissection
			26.4.5 The Nasal Bone Dissection
			26.4.6 The Upper Lateral Cartilage Dissection
			26.4.7 The Keystone Area Dissection
			26.4.8 Septum Dissection
			26.4.9 The Lower Lateral Cartilage Dissection
			26.4.10 Cartilage Management
			26.4.11 Bone Management
			26.4.12 Tip Management
			26.4.13 Management of Deviations
			26.4.14 Casting and Splinting
			26.4.15 Postoperative Care
		26.5	 Semi-preservation Rhinoplasty (ULC-Only and Cap Techniques)
		26.6	 Indications and Contraindications
		26.7	 Risks and Complications
		References
	27: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Rhinoplasty
		27.1	 Introduction
Part VII: Office-Based Procedures
	28: The Application of Soft Tissue Filler in the Oral and Maxillofacial Field
		28.1	 Introduction
		28.2	 Definition and Type of Filler
			28.2.1 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Filler
				28.2.1.1	 Monophasic: Juvederm, Teosyal®, Neuramis®, and Bellast
				28.2.1.2	 Biphasic: Restylane, Perlane-L, and Yvoire
			28.2.2 Collagen Fillers
			28.2.3 Calcium Hydroxyapatite Fillers
			28.2.4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Poly-l-Lactic Acid (PLLA)
			28.2.5 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
			28.2.6 Polyacrylamide Gel (PAAG)
			28.2.7 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
		28.3	 Indication of Filler Application in the Face
			28.3.1 Wrinkle Elimination
			28.3.2 Soft Tissue Volume Augmentation
		28.4	 Evaluation of Facial Aesthetics and Wrinkles
			28.4.1 Esthetic Line (Ricketts Line)
			28.4.2 Lemperle Rating Scale (LRS)
			28.4.3 Evaluation Method Around the Mouth
				28.4.3.1	 Five-Grade Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS)
				28.4.3.2	 Marionette Lines
				28.4.3.3	 Lip or Perioral Wrinkles
				28.4.3.4	 Lip Fullness
		28.5	 Filler Injection Technique
			28.5.1 Injection Site Design, Marking, and Disinfection
			28.5.2 Local Anesthesia
			28.5.3 Injection of the Filler
				28.5.3.1	 Needle
				28.5.3.2	 Cannula
			28.5.4 Postoperative Care
				28.5.4.1	 Bleeding Control
				28.5.4.2	 Molding (Massaging) (Fig. 28.3)
				28.5.4.3	 Postoperative Medication
				28.5.4.4	 Explanation of Precautions and Follow-Up Checks
		28.6	 Lip Augmentation
			28.6.1 Treatment of Lip Wrinkles Using BTX-A Injections
			28.6.2 Upper Lip Filler Injection
			28.6.3 Lower Lip Filler Injection
			28.6.4 Precautions and Treatment After Injection
			28.6.5 Cases
		28.7	 Nasal Augmentation
			28.7.1 Pre-injection Preparation and Local Anesthesia
			28.7.2 Filler Injection
			28.7.3 Precautions and Treatments After Injection
				28.7.3.1	 Case
					Augmentation of the Nasolabial Fold
			28.7.4 Local Anesthesia
			28.7.5 Filler Injection
			28.7.6 Precautions and Treatments After Injection
			28.7.7 Case Study
		28.8	 Forehead Augmentation
			28.8.1 Local Anesthesia
			28.8.2 Filler Injection
			28.8.3 Precautions After Injection
			28.8.4 Case Study
		28.9	 Cheek Augmentation (Fig. 28.14)
		28.10	 Chin Augmentation (Fig. 28.15)
		28.11	 Marionette Line and Pre-jowl Sulcus Augmentation (Fig. 28.16)
		28.12	 Complications
			28.12.1 Swelling, Hematoma, and Bruising
			28.12.2 Allergic Reaction
			28.12.3 Dyschromia and Tyndall Effect
			28.12.4 Nodule, Lumpiness, Embossing, or “Doughnutting”
			28.12.5 Overcorrection or Undercorrection
			28.12.6 Infection
			28.12.7 Tissue Necrosis
			28.12.8 Pulmonary Embolism
			28.12.9 Ocular and Cerebral Infarction
			28.12.10 Chronic Inflammation
		References
	29: Botulinum Toxin
		29.1	 History
		29.2	 Pharmacology
		29.3	 Available Products and Reconstitution
		29.4	 Botox Injection and Pain Relief
		29.5	 Injection Techniques
		References
	30: Fat Transfer and Facial Lipofilling: Techniques and Complications
		30.1	 Introduction
		30.2	 Preoperative Preparations
			30.2.1 Medical Optimization
			30.2.2 Photography
			30.2.3 Anesthesia
			30.2.4 Donor Site Assessment and Selection
			30.2.5 Instrumentation and Materials
			30.2.6 Tumescent Solution
			30.2.7 Preparation of Lipoaspiration Sites
			30.2.8 Fat Harvesting
			30.2.9 Processing
				30.2.9.1	 Centrifuge
				30.2.9.2	 Sedimentation
				30.2.9.3	 Telfa Rolling
				30.2.9.4	 Washing
			30.2.10 Donor Area Post-lipoaspiration
			30.2.11 Fat Grafting
				30.2.11.1	 Microfat
				30.2.11.2	 SNIF
				30.2.11.3	 SNIE
				30.2.11.4	 Nanofat
			30.2.12 Preparation of Types of Fat Grafting
				30.2.12.1	 Preparation of Microfat
				30.2.12.2	 Preparation of SNIF (Sharp Needle Intradermal Fat Grafting)
				30.2.12.3	 Preparation of SNIE (Sharp Needle Intradermal Emulsified) Fat Grafting
				30.2.12.4	 Preparation of Nanofat
			30.2.13 Important Points in Fat Grafting
				30.2.13.1	 Wet Verus Dry Approach
				30.2.13.2	 Lidocaine in the Fat Graft
				30.2.13.3	 Epinephrine in Fat Graft
				30.2.13.4	 Pressure
				30.2.13.5	 Washing
				30.2.13.6	 Transfer
				30.2.13.7	 Overcorrection
				30.2.13.8	 Freezing and Storing Fat
				30.2.13.9	 Length of the Surgery
				30.2.13.10	 Obesity
				30.2.13.11	 Enrich Microfat with Stem Cell
		30.3	 Recommendation for a High Viable Graft Technique
		30.4	 Postoperative Care
		30.5	 Complications
			30.5.1 Bruising and Swelling
			30.5.2 Infection
			30.5.3 Accumulations or Cysts
			30.5.4 Asymmetries
			30.5.5 Resorption
			30.5.6 Hypo- or Hypercorrection
			30.5.7 Fat Embolism
			30.5.8 Damage to Anatomic Structures (Nerves, Arteries, Muscle, Parotid, or Other Glands)
			30.5.9 Irregularities in the Donor Area
		Bibliography
	31: Biological Enhancement of Fat Injection: Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer
		31.1	 Introduction
		31.2	 Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
		31.3	 Harvesting
		31.4	 Cell Processing
		31.5	 Enzymatic Digestion vs. Mechanical ACS Isolation
		31.6	 Outcomes
		31.7	 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	32: Chemical Peeling
		32.1	 Introduction
		32.2	 Indications and Considerations
		32.3	 Classification of Chemical Peels
		32.4	 Chemical Peeling Agents
		32.5	 Preparation
		32.6	 Technique
		32.7	 Postoperative Care
		32.8	 Segmental Peeling
		32.9	 Dermabrasion
		32.10	 Complications
		32.11	 Conclusion
		Further Reading
	33: The CO2 Laser in Facial Rejuvenation
		33.1	 Introduction
		33.2	 Laser Physics for the Clinician
		33.3	 The Fractional CO2 Laser
		33.4	 Principles of LASER Use
		33.5	 Skin Layers
		33.6	 Indications and Contraindications
		33.7	 Technique
		33.8	 Posttreatment
		33.9	 Combination of Fractional CO2 Laser with Other Cosmetic Procedures (PRP)
		33.10	 Complications
		33.11	 Discussion
		References
	34: Plasma Science in Medicine
		34.1	 Introduction
		34.2	 Historical Context of Plasma Technologies in Surgery and Medicine
		34.3	 Medical Application
		34.4	 Treating Skin Infections/Disinfection
		34.5	 Wound Healing
		34.6	 Conclusion
		Further Reading
	35: HIFU and RF Therapy in Facial Rejuvenation
		35.1	 Background
		35.2	 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)
			35.2.1	 Biophysics
			35.2.2	 Patient Selection
			35.2.3	 Technique of Application
				35.2.3.1	 Adverse Effects
		35.3	 RF (Radiofrequency)
			35.3.1	 Biophysics
			35.3.2	 Patient Selection
			35.3.3	 Methods of Delivery
				35.3.3.1	 Monopolar
				35.3.3.2	 Unipolar
				35.3.3.3	 Bipolar
					Multipolar RF
					Thermo-Contraction (TC)
					Fractional RF
			35.3.4	 Technique of Application
				35.3.4.1	 Adverse Effects
		References
	36: PRP in Facial Rejuvenation
		36.1	 Introduction
		36.2	 PRP
		36.3	 PRP for Cutaneous Rejuvenation
			36.3.1	 Preparation of PRP
			36.3.2	 Principles of PRP Preparation
			36.3.3	 Commercially Available PRP Kits
		36.4	 PRP Injection Technique
		36.5	 Combination of Fractional CO2 Laser with Other Cosmetic Procedures (PRP)
		36.6	 Conclusions
		References
	37: Newer Approaches in Non-surgical Facial Rejuvenation
		37.1	 Structural Components of Facial Aging
			37.1.1	 Skeletal Structure
			37.1.2	 Subcutaneous Fat Distribution
		37.2	 Structural Rejuvenation of the Aging Face
		37.3	 LLFR™ Technique
		37.4	 Lipolysis
			37.4.1	 Patient Selection
			37.4.2	 Steps in Lipolysis [15]
				37.4.2.1	 Marking the Area
				37.4.2.2	 Application of Local Anesthetic Cream
				37.4.2.3	 Dilution and the Total Dose
				37.4.2.4	 Technique of Injection Spacing, Depth, Volume per Injection, and Maximum Dosage
				37.4.2.5	 Post-Injection Care
		37.5	 Tissue Lift
			37.5.1	 Types of Thread
			37.5.2	 Mechanism of Action of PDO Threads
			37.5.3	 Layer of Placing Thread—Superficial Dermis
		37.6	 Marking of Vectors
		37.7	 Anesthesia of the Area
		37.8	 Needle Insertion
		37.9	 Needle Removal
		37.10	 Multiple Thread Insertions
		37.11	 Pressure Application
			37.11.1	 Precautions
			37.11.2	 Complications
		37.12	 Form Replacement Using Fillers
		37.13	 Relax and Resurface
			37.13.1	 Tips for LLFR Rejuvenation
		37.14	 Non-surgical Facial Rejuvenation
			37.14.1	 Upper Face
			37.14.2	 Midface
			37.14.3	 Lower Face and Neck
		References
	38: Hair Restoration
		38.1	 Introduction
		38.2	 Basics of Hair Loss
		38.3	 Non-surgical Therapy
		38.4	 Surgical Therapy
		38.5	 Conclusion
		References
	39: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on the Use of Botolinum Toxin in Facial Cosmetics, Challenges, and Debates
		39.1	 Indications
		39.2	 Procedure
		39.3	 Therapeutic Plan
		39.4	 Storage
		39.5	 Resistance
		39.6	 Complications
		39.7	 New Indications and Future of Botulinum Toxin
		Further Reading
	40: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Procedures, Use of Fillers, Challenges, and Debates
		40.1	 Fillers
Part VIII: Cleft Lip and Plate
	41: New Trends in Cleft Lip  and Palate Repair
		41.1	 Introduction
		41.2	 Novel Approaches to Eliminate Surgical Disadvantages
			41.2.1	 Presurgical Taping and Orthopedics
			41.2.2	 Presurgical Orthopedics
			41.2.3	 Dynamic Presurgical Nasoalveolar Remodeling (DPNR Technique)
			41.2.4	 Regenerative Medicine
			41.2.5	 Complications
		41.3	 Conclusions
		References
	42: New Trends in Orthognathic Surgery of Cleft Patients
		42.1	 Introduction
		42.2	 The Cleft and Craniofacial Team
		42.3	 Presurgical Orthodontic Treatment of Cleft Patients
			42.3.1	 Cleft Patients with no Skeletal Deformity
			42.3.2	 Cleft Patients with Mild Skeletal Deformity
			42.3.3	 Cleft Patients Having a Severe Skeletal Discrepancy
		42.4	 Post-Surgical Complications of Orthognathic Surgery
			42.4.1	 Airway Problems
			42.4.2	 Speech Impediment
			42.4.3	 Infection
			42.4.4	 Oronasal Fistula
			42.4.5	 Nerve Damage
		42.5	 Methods to Reduce Complications
			42.5.1	 Distraction Osteogenesis
			42.5.2	 Tissue Engineering with Application of Stem Cells
			42.5.3	 Navigation Systems in the Current Practice
		42.6	 Methods for Improving Surgery Results
			42.6.1	 Fat Grafting
			42.6.2	 Cleft Rhinoplasty
			42.6.3	 Cleft Lip Revisions and Augmentation
			42.6.4	 Facial Implants
		42.7	 Success of Orthognathic Surgery
		42.8	 Conclusion
		References
	43: Rhinoplasty in Cleft Patients
		43.1	 Cleft Lip Rhinoplasty
		43.2	 Anatomy of Unilateral Cleft Nose
		43.3	 Characteristics of Unilateral Deformity
			43.3.1	 LLC and Nasal Tip
		43.4	 Time of Surgery
			43.4.1	 Primary Rhinoplasty in Cleft Nose Patients
		43.5	 Secondary Rhinoplasty in Cleft Nose Patients
		43.6	 Septoplasty
		43.7	 The Nasal Tip
		43.8	 Tip-plasty
		43.9	 Base/Nostrils—Alar Rim
		43.10	 Case Review
		43.11	 Bilateral Cleft Nasal Deformity
		43.12	 Case Review
		References
	44: Future Trends in Alveolar Cleft Osteoplasty
		44.1	 Introduction
		44.2	 Cell Sources
		44.3	 Smart Scaffolds
		44.4	 Enhancing Cell Delivery
			44.4.1	 Dynamic Cell Culture
			44.4.2	 Acellular Biological Scaffolds
		References
Part IX: Blepharoplasty
	45: Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty
		45.1	 Introduction
		45.2	 Anatomical Considerations
		45.3	 Aging Changes in the Periocular Area
		45.4	 Preoperative Assessment
		45.5	 The Procedure
			45.5.1	 Marking the Incision Site
			45.5.2	 Local Anesthesia
			45.5.3	 Skin Incision
			45.5.4	 Resection of Tissues
			45.5.5	 Adjunctive Procedures
			45.5.6	 Wound Closure
		45.6	 Postoperative Care
		45.7	 Complications
		References
	46: Lower Blepharoplasty
		46.1	 Anatomy
		46.2	 Aging Changes
		46.3	 Historical Perspective
		46.4	 Transcutaneous Versus Transconjunctival Approach
			46.4.1	 Transcutaneous Approach
			46.4.2	 Transconjunctival Approach
		46.5	 Fat Management
		46.6	 Subperiosteal Versus Supraperiosteal Transposition
		46.7	 Midface Lift
		46.8	 Festoons
		46.9	 Management of Excess Skin
		46.10	 Canthal Anchoring
		46.11	 Conjunctival Wound Closure
		46.12	 Current Trends in Lower Blepharoplasty
		46.13	 Postoperative Care
		References
	47: Q/A Discussion; Commentary on Periorbital Rejuvenation, Challenges, and Debates
Part X: Lifting Procedures
	48: New Trends in Midface Lift
		48.1	 Introduction
		48.2	 Noninvasive Midface Rejuvenation Using Fillers
		48.3	 Suture Suspension (Thread Lifting)
		48.4	 Endoscopic Midface Lift
		48.5	 Cheek Implants
		References
	49: New Trends in Forehead and Brow Lift
		49.1	 Background
			49.1.1	 Forehead and Eyebrow: Forefront and Main Line of Facial Aesthetics
			49.1.2	 Facial Rejuvenation, Where Forehead and Eyebrow Stand on the Upper Third
		49.2	 Surgical Anatomy
			49.2.1	 Frontalis Muscle
			49.2.2	 Orbicularis Oculi
			49.2.3	 Procerus
			49.2.4	 Depressor Supercilii
			49.2.5	 Corrugator Supercilii
			49.2.6	 Clinical Pearl
		49.3	 Nonsurgical and Surgical Techniques
		49.4	 Forehead and Brow Lift
			49.4.1	 Nonsurgical Brow Lift
				49.4.1.1	 Neurotoxins
				49.4.1.2	 Calcium Hydroxylapatite
			49.4.2	 Surgical Brow Lift
				49.4.2.1	 Direct Brow Lift
				49.4.2.2	 Temporal Forehead/Brow Lift by Galeapexy
				49.4.2.3	 Pretrichial/Trichophytic Brow Lift
				49.4.2.4	 Endoscopic Brow Lift
		References
	50: New Trends in Neck Lifting
		50.1	 Introduction
			50.1.1	 Aging Process
			50.1.2	 Submental Fat
			50.1.3	 Platysma Muscle
			50.1.4	 Submental Skin
				50.1.4.1	 Evaluation
				50.1.4.2	 Selection Process
				50.1.4.3	 Injectables
				50.1.4.4	 Liposuction
				50.1.4.5	 Cervicoplasty
		50.2	 Discussion
		50.3	 Conclusion
		References
	51: Augmented Reality: New Horizons in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
		51.1	 Introduction
		51.2	 Imaging Options
		51.3	 Virtual Reality (VR) Classification: Non-immersive VR and Immersive VR
		51.4	 Advantages and Disadvantages
		51.5	 Applications
			51.5.1	 Training and Education of Students: Simulators, Indications, and Studies
			51.5.2	 Clinical Application for the Surgeon
			51.5.3	 Communication with Patients
		References
	52: Lip Lift
		52.1	 Introduction
		52.2	 History
		52.3	 Anatomy
		52.4	 Pre-Operative Evaluation
		52.5	 Procedure
		52.6	 Post-Operative Care
		52.7	 Complications
		52.8	 Conclusion
		References
	53: Open and Closed Liposuction
		53.1	 Aging
		53.2	 Aging of the Face & Neck
		53.3	 The Aesthetically Pleasing Neck
		53.4	 Difficult Neck Anatomy
		53.5	 Cuzalina and Bailey Cosmetic Neck Classification
		53.6	 Initial Consultation
		53.7	 Patient Evaluation
		53.8	 Buccal Fat Pad Reduction
		53.9	 Tumescent Preparation and Infiltration
		53.10	 Jowl Liposuction
		53.11	 Submental Liposuction
		53.12	 Cervicofacial Liposuction
		53.13	 Platysmaplasty
		53.14	 Submentoplasty
		53.15	 Neck Lift
		53.16	 Open Liposuction during Rhytidectomy
		53.17	 Injection Lipolysis
		53.18	 Ultrasonic-Assisted Liposuction
		53.19	 Laser-Assisted Liposuction
		53.20	 Water Jet-Assisted Liposuction
		53.21	 Complications
		53.22	 Complications
		53.23	 Conclusion
		53.24	 Treatment by Areas
		References
	54: Thread Lift
		54.1	 Introduction
		54.2	 Aging of the Face
		54.3	 Dynamic of Thread Lift
		54.4	 Classification of Thread Based on Direction
		54.5	 Classification Based on Biomaterial
		54.6	 Candidates for Thread Lift
			54.6.1	 Best Candidates
			54.6.2	 Poor Candidates
		54.7	 Universal Technique for Double Needle Thread Lift
			54.7.1	 Preoperative Markings
		54.8	 Complications
			54.8.1	 Technical Errors
			54.8.2	 Unforeseeable Reaction
		54.9	 Conclusion
		References
	55: Facial Transplantation
		55.1	 Introduction
		55.2	 Patient Selection
		55.3	 The Ethical Dilemmas
		55.4	 Indications
		55.5	 Absolute and Relative Contraindications
		55.6	 Outcomes
		55.7	 Complications: The Predictable and Unpredictable Outcomes
		55.8	 Conclusions
		References
	56: Otoplasty
		56.1	 Introduction
		56.2	 Description of the Procedure
		56.3	 Postoperative Course
		56.4	 Postoperative Complications
		56.5	 Case Presentation
		References
	57: Q/A Discussion: Commentary on Lifting Procedures
		57.1	 Seied Omid Keyhan: Would you Please Let us Know about the Causes of Aging Face as an Introduction of this Chapter?
		57.2	 Seied Omid Keyhan: What Options Do we Have to Manage Aging Face Process?
		57.3	 Seied Omid Keyhan: In your Opinion, Would you Please Let me Know What Is the Important Key Point Principle during these Treatments?
		57.4	 Seied Omid Keyhan: Would you Please Let me Know about the Evolution of Facelift Techniques?
		57.5	 Seied Omid Keyhan: Would you Please Let me Know about the Evolution of Forehead Lift Techniques?
		57.6	 Seied Omid Keyhan: What Are your Key Point Recommendations to Do Buccal Fat Pad Extraction?
		57.7	 Seied Omid Keyhan: Some Authors Believe that the Longitudinal Results of Superficial Midface Lift with or without Plication or Imbrication Versus Deep Methods Are Questionable. What’s your Idea about this Claim?
		57.8	 Seied Omid Keyhan: Please Let me Know your Key Point Guidelines to Select the Method of Lifting?
		57.9	 Seied Omid Keyhan: In the Case of Combined Lip Lift and Rhinoplasty, Do you Prefer One-Stage Surgery or Two-Stage Surgery? Why?
		57.10	 Seied Omid Keyhan: What Are your Key Point Recommendations to Select the Type of Central Lip Lift Configuration? Do you Prefer Lip Augmentation Techniques or Lip Lift Procedure? What Are your Key Point Recommendations for Patient Selection?
		57.11	 Seied Omid Keyhan: In Case of Brow Lift, which Technique Do you Prefer?
		57.12	 Seied Omid Keyhan: As the Legend and Master of Facelift Procedures, Would you Please Let me Know your Final Suggestion for Beginners like me to Achieve Better Results and Decrease our Complications?
		Reference
Part XI: Orthognathic Surgery
	58: Ultrafine Orthognathic Surgical Treatment Planning
		58.1	 Introduction
		58.2	 Orthodontic Preparation
			58.2.1	 Understanding Occlusion
		58.3	 Orthodontic Decompensation
			58.3.1	 Space Analysis, Arch Length, and Incisor Position Angulations
			58.3.2	 Bolton Analysis and its Importance: Assess Tooth Size Discrepancies
			58.3.3	 Decompensation of the Occlusion
			58.3.4	 Leveling the Curve of Spee
			58.3.5	 Quick Method to Measure Transverse Discrepancy
		58.4	 Cephalometry
		58.5	 Normalizing Facial Structures
			58.5.1	 What Is Normal? Facial Esthetics
			58.5.2	 Where Do the Central Incisors Belong?
		58.6	 Profile and Nasolabial Esthetics
		58.7	 Digital Aids to Planning
			58.7.1	 System Requirements for Complete Digital Recording, Transfer, Design, and Manufacturing
		58.8	 Creating a Surgical Plan
			58.8.1	 The Pillars of Orthognathic Surgery Decision-Making
			58.8.2	 More Ultrafine Planning: Centric Relation, Natural Head Position, and Mandibular Hinge Axis—Are they Important?
			58.8.3	 Hinge Axis Determination
			58.8.4	 Surgery-First Orthognathic Surgery
		58.9	 A Sequenced Approach to Orthognathic Surgery Planning
			58.9.1	 Determine the Need for Segmentalization and where to Osteotomize
			58.9.2	 Check Natural Head Position
			58.9.3	 Check and Verify the Cant
			58.9.4	 Check that the Midlines Are Properly Indicated
			58.9.5	 Rotate the Maxilla to Correct the Cant
			58.9.6	 Determine Hinge Axis
			58.9.7	 Central Incisor Position
			58.9.8	 Occlusal Plane Alteration
			58.9.9	 Best Occlusion
			58.9.10 Yaw Correction
			58.9.11 Interferences
			58.9.12 Genioplasty
			58.9.13 Mandible or Maxilla First?
			58.9.14 Splints
		58.10	 Conclusions
		References
	59: Implant-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery
		59.1	 Introduction
		59.2	 Age-Related Bone Healing Biology
		59.3	 Le Fort I Osteotomy Considerations
		59.4	 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy Considerations
			59.4.1	 Age-Related Inferior Alveolar Nerve Anatomy and Biology
			59.4.2	 Age-Related Peripheral Nerve Healing
			59.4.3	 Age-Related Mandibular Blood Supply
			59.4.4	 Mandibular Basal Bone
			59.4.5	 Orthognathic Surgery in Aging Patients
			59.4.6	 Orthognathic Surgery with the Use of Gunning Splint
			59.4.7	 Implant-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery
		59.5	 Case Presentation
			59.5.1	 Case 1
			59.5.2	 Treatment Procedure
			59.5.3	 Case 2
			59.5.4	 Treatment Procedure
		59.6	 Conclusion
		References
	60: Computer-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery from Prediction to Navigation
		60.1	 Introduction
		60.2	 Virtual Planning
			60.2.1	 Preoperative Work-Up
		60.3	 Accuracy
		60.4	 Sequence of Orthognathic Surgery
		60.5	 Soft Tissue Prediction
		60.6	 Navigation Systems
		References
	61: Simultaneous Rhinoplasty and Orthognathic Surgery
		61.1	 Introduction
		61.2	 Background
		61.3	 Preoperative Evaluation
		61.4	 Treatment Sequence
		61.5	 Treatment Plan
		61.6	 Surgery
		61.7	 Summary
		References
	62: New Trends in Distraction Osteogenesis
		62.1	 Introduction
		62.2	 Biology of Distraction Osteogenesis
		62.3	 Distraction of the Mandible
			62.3.1	 Mandibular Lengthening
				62.3.1.1	 Indications
				62.3.1.2	 Technique and Devices
					Intraoral Surgical Approach
					Extraoral Surgical Approach
				62.3.1.3	 Device Activation
				62.3.1.4	 Orthodontic Considerations
				62.3.1.5	 Complications
			62.3.2	 Mandibular Widening
				62.3.2.1	 Indications
				62.3.2.2	 Technique and Devices
				62.3.2.3	 Device Activation
				62.3.2.4	 Orthodontic Considerations
				62.3.2.5	 Complications
		62.4	 Distraction of the Maxilla
			62.4.1	 Maxillary and Midface Advancement
				62.4.1.1	 Indications
				62.4.1.2	 Technique and Devices
					Le Fort I for Maxillary Advancement
					Le Fort III for Midface Advancement
				62.4.1.3	 Device Activation
				62.4.1.4	 Orthodontic Considerations
				62.4.1.5	 Complications
			62.4.2	 Maxillary Widening
				62.4.2.1	 Indications
				62.4.2.2	 Technique and Devices
				62.4.2.3	 Device Activation
				62.4.2.4	 Orthodontic Considerations
				62.4.2.5	 Complications
		62.5	 Alveolar Process Distraction
			62.5.1	 Indications
			62.5.2	 Surgical Technique
			62.5.3	 Device Activation
			62.5.4	 Complications
		62.6	 Future Perspectives
		62.7	 Conclusion
		References
	63: Management of Infants with Pierre Robin Sequence
		63.1	 Diagnosis and Management of Neonates with Pierre Robin Sequence
		63.2	 Conclusion
		References
	64: Orthognathic Surgery-First: The Possible Solutions for Severe Jaw Discrepancies
		64.1	 Introduction
		64.2	 History of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.3	 Advantages and Disadvantages of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.4	 The Total Time of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.5	 The Stability after Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.6	 Indications and Contraindications of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.7	 The Complications of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.8	 3D Virtual Surgical Planning and Computer-Aided Manufacturing
		64.9	 The Approaches of Orthognathic Surgery-First Treatment
		64.10	 Case Presentation
			64.10.1 Case 1
				64.10.1.1	 Treatment Procedure
				64.10.1.2	 Orthodontics Treatment Stages
			64.10.2 Case 2
				64.10.2.1	 Treatment Procedure
		References
	65: Mandible-First Sequencing in Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery
		65.1	 Overview
		65.2	 Occlusal Record and its Importance in Predictability
		65.3	 Structural Problems of TMJs
		65.4	 Segmentation of the Maxilla
		65.5	 Joint Edema
		65.6	 Our Considerations
		References
	66: Complications Management in Orthognathic Surgery
		66.1	 Introduction
		66.2	 General Considerations
		66.3	 Presurgical Orthodontic Considerations
			66.3.1 Treatment Planning
			66.3.2 Sagittal Dimension
			66.3.3 Transverse Dimension
			66.3.4 Vertical Dimension
			66.3.5 Other Complications Related to the Orthodontist
		66.4	 Preoperative Consideration
			66.4.1 Wound Healing
			66.4.2 Psychologic Disorders
			66.4.3 Hematologic Disorders
			66.4.4 Airway Issues
			66.4.5 Allergic Reactions
			66.4.6 Sleep Disorders
			66.4.7 Mandibular Third Molar Removal.
		66.5	 Intraoperative Stage
			66.5.1 Bleeding
			66.5.2 Nerve Injury
			66.5.3 Condylar Malpositioning
			66.5.4 Teeth Damage
			66.5.5 Unfavorable Fracture of the Maxilla
			66.5.6 Nasal Obstruction and Septum Deviation
			66.5.7 Bad Split
		66.6	 Postoperative Stage
			66.6.1 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
			66.6.2 Facial Edema
			66.6.3 Infection
			66.6.4 Hematoma
			66.6.5 Weight Loss
			66.6.6 Temporomandibular Disorders
			66.6.7 Condylar Resorption
			66.6.8 Nose Widening
			66.6.9 Nasal Septum Deviation
			66.6.10 Nasal Obstruction
			66.6.11 Aging Face
			66.6.12 Fibrous Union
			66.6.13 Chin Ptosis
			66.6.14 Sinusitis
			66.6.15 Chin Issues
			66.6.16 Aseptic Necrosis
			66.6.17 Relapse
				66.6.17.1	 One Vs. Two Jaw Surgery
		66.7	 Rare Complications
		References
	67: Glossectomy
		67.1	 Introduction
		67.2	 Macroglossia
		67.3	 Epidemiology
		67.4	 Classification
		67.5	 Diagnosis
		67.6	 Complications Associated with Macroglossia
		67.7	 Indications for Treatment of Macroglossia
		67.8	 Treatment Option
		67.9	 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
		67.10	 Complications Associated with Surgical Treatment of Tongue Enlargement
		67.11	 Recommendations
		67.12	 Discussion
		References
	68: Commentary on Computer-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery
		68.1	 Introduction
		68.2	 Conventional Model Surgery
		68.3	 Virtual Model Surgery and Navigation System
		68.4	 Discussion
		References
Part XII: Intra-Oral Plastic Surgeries
	69: Non-invasive Approaches for Treatment of Gummy Smile
		69.1	 Background
		69.2	 Etiology
		69.3	 Pre-Operative Evaluation
		69.4	 Vertical Maxillary Excess (VME)
		69.5	 Altered Passive Eruption
			69.5.1	 Crown Lengthening
				69.5.1.1	 Soft-Tissue Crown-Lengthening Technique
				69.5.1.2	 Hard-Tissue Crown-Lengthening Technique
		69.6	 Short Upper Lip
		69.7	 Lip Activity
			69.7.1	 Lip Repositioning
				69.7.1.1	 Conventional Lip Repositioning Surgery and Relevant Modifications
			69.7.2	 Spacers and Grafts
				69.7.2.1	 Micro-Autologous Fat Transplantation (MAFT)
				69.7.2.2	 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
			69.7.3	 Botulinum Toxin (BT)
			69.7.4	 Fillers
		69.8	 Nasal Septum Dysplasia
		References
	70: Cosmetic Intraoral Surgeries
		70.1	 Periodontal Plastic Surgery
			70.1.1 Introduction
			70.1.2 History
		70.2	 Etiology of Gingival Recession
		70.3	 Classification
		70.4	 Surgical Procedure
		70.5	 How to Choose Proper Surgical Technique?
		70.6	 Harvesting Technique, Graft Size, and Patient Morbidity
		70.7	 Esthetic Crown Lengthening (Fig. 70.10)
		70.8	 Biologic Width
		70.9	 Altered Passive Eruption
		70.10	 Coslet Classification [43]
		70.11	 Treatment of Alerted Passive Eruption Based on Coslet Classification
		70.12	 Soft Tissue Augmentation Procedure in Edentulous Esthetic Area
			70.12.1 Clinical Indications
		70.13	 Conclusion
		References
	71: Use of Buccal Fat Pad in Facial Cosmetic Surgery
		71.1	 Introduction
		71.2	 Anatomy
		71.3	 Physiology
		71.4	 Clinical Applications of Buccal Fat Pad
		71.5	 Surgical Approach to the Buccal Fat Pad
			71.5.1	 When a Mucoperiosteal Flap Is Not Already Elevated
			71.5.2	 When a Mucoperiosteal Flap Is Already Elevated
		71.6	 Oro-Antral and Oro-Nasal Closure
		71.7	 Reconstructing Regional Pathologic Defects and Clefts
		71.8	 Reconstructing Midfacial Traumatic Defects
		71.9	 Covering Bone Grafts as a Biologic Membrane
		71.10	 Restoring Perforations of the Schneiderian Membrane
		71.11	 TMJ Reconstruction as Interpositional Grafts
		71.12	 Free Graft for Nerve Coverage
		71.13	 Esthetic Surgery
		71.14	 Managing MRONJ and Osteoradionecrosis
		71.15	 Free Graft to Restore Periodontium around Teeth and Implants
		References
	72: Computer-assisted Implant Surgery
		72.1	 Computer-Guided Surgery
			72.1.1	 Introduction
		72.2	 Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery
			72.2.1	 Dynamic System
			72.2.2	 Static System
		72.3	 Types of Guide Support
		72.4	 Accuracy of Static CAI
		72.5	 Factors Influencing Accuracy
			72.5.1	 Software-related
			72.5.2	 Guide- and Production-related
			72.5.3	 Surgeon-related Factor
			72.5.4	 Patient-related
		72.6	 Clinical Application of Static CAI: Case Reports
		References
	73: Commentary and Case Presentations on Intraoral Plastic Surgeries and Tissue Managements Around Teeth and Implants
		73.1	 Patient 1 (Figs. 73.1 and 73.2)
			73.1.1	 Diagnosis
			73.1.2	 Treatment Planning (Figs. 73.20–73.62)
				73.1.2.1	 Option 1
				73.1.2.2	 Option 2
			73.1.3	 Data Diagnosis
		73.2	 Patient 2 (Figs. 73.88 and 73.89)
			73.2.1	 Diagnosis
			73.2.2	 Treatment Planning
				73.2.2.1	 Option 1
				73.2.2.2	 Option 2
			73.2.3	 Aesthetic Implant Failure
				73.2.3.1 Cuspid Smile (Figs. 73.94–73.96)
			73.2.4	 Exploration
		73.3	 Patient 3 (Fig. 73.240)
			73.3.1	 Diagnosis
			73.3.2	 Treatment Planning
				73.3.2.1	 Option 1
				73.3.2.2	 Option 2
				73.3.2.3	 Option 3
				73.3.2.4	 O. Data
				73.3.2.5	 Wax-up
				73.3.2.6	 Mock-up
			73.3.3	 Replicating Emergence Profile (Figs. 73.300–73.304)
			73.3.4	 Replicating Emergence Profile