Integrated Principles of Zoology

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 2
Copyright page......Page 3
Contents in brief......Page 4
Table of contents......Page 5
About the Authors......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology......Page 18
1.1 Fundamental Properties of Life......Page 19
1.3 Principles of Science......Page 26
1.4 Theories of Evolution and Heredity......Page 30
Summary......Page 34
CHAPTER 2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life......Page 36
2.1 Water and Life......Page 37
2.2 Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems......Page 39
2.3 Chemical Evolution......Page 42
2.4 Origin of Living Systems......Page 45
2.5 Precambrian Life......Page 47
Summary......Page 49
CHAPTER 3 Cells as Units of Life......Page 52
3.1 Cell Concept......Page 53
3.2 Organization of Cells......Page 55
3.3 Mitosis and Cell Division......Page 66
Summary......Page 70
CHAPTER 4 Cellular Metabolism......Page 72
4.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 73
4.2 The Role of Enzymes......Page 74
4.3 Enzyme Regulation......Page 76
4.4 Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP......Page 77
4.5 Cellular Respiration......Page 78
4.6 Metabolism of Lipids......Page 84
4.7 Metabolism of Proteins......Page 85
Summary......Page 86
CHAPTER 5 Genetics: A Review......Page 88
5.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance......Page 89
5.3 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance......Page 93
5.5 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information......Page 102
5.6 Gene Mutations......Page 112
Summary......Page 113
CHAPTER 6 Organic Evolution......Page 116
6.1 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory......Page 117
6.2 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence......Page 120
6.3 Revisions of Darwin’s Theory......Page 138
6.4 Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species......Page 139
6.5 Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events......Page 145
Summary......Page 147
CHAPTER 7 The Reproductive Process......Page 150
7.1 Nature of the Reproductive Process......Page 151
7.2 The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells......Page 155
7.3 Reproductive Patterns......Page 159
7.4 Structure of Reproductive Systems......Page 160
7.5 Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction......Page 162
Summary......Page 169
CHAPTER 8 Principles of Development......Page 171
8.1 Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis......Page 172
8.2 Fertilization......Page 173
8.3 Cleavage and Early Development......Page 176
8.4 An Overview of Development Following Cleavage......Page 178
8.5 Mechanisms of Development......Page 180
8.6 Gene Expression During Development......Page 183
8.7 Developmental Patterns in Animals......Page 186
8.9 Vertebrate Development......Page 191
8.10 Development of Systems and Organs......Page 194
Summary......Page 197
CHAPTER 9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal......Page 200
9.1 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity......Page 201
9.2 Animal Body Plans......Page 202
9.3 Components of Animal Bodies......Page 206
9.4 Complexity and Body Size......Page 211
Summary......Page 212
CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals......Page 214
10.1 Linnaeus and Taxonomy......Page 215
10.2 Species......Page 217
10.3 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction......Page 222
10.4 Theories of Taxonomy......Page 224
10.6 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom......Page 230
Summary......Page 231
CHAPTER 11 Unicellular Eukaryotes......Page 233
11.1 Naming and Identifying Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa......Page 234
11.2 Form and Function......Page 238
11.3 Major Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa......Page 244
11.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 258
Summary......Page 261
CHAPTER 12 Sponges and Placozoans......Page 263
12.2 Phylum Porifera: Sponges......Page 264
12.3 Phylum Placozoa......Page 274
Summary......Page 275
CHAPTER 13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores......Page 277
13.1 Phylum Cnidaria......Page 278
13.2 Phylum Ctenophora......Page 299
13.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 303
Summary......Page 304
CHAPTER 14 Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa......Page 306
14.1 Phylum Acoelomorpha......Page 307
14.2 Clades Within Protostomia......Page 308
14.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes......Page 310
14.4 Phylum Gastrotricha......Page 323
14.5 Clade Gnathifera......Page 325
14.8 Phylum Rotifera......Page 326
14.9 Phylum Acanthocephala......Page 330
14.10 Phylum Mesozoa......Page 331
Summary......Page 333
CHAPTER 15 Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa......Page 336
15.3 Phylum Entoprocta......Page 338
15.4 Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)......Page 339
15.7 Phylum Brachiopoda......Page 342
15.8 Phylum Phoronida......Page 343
15.9 Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela)......Page 344
15.10 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 346
Summary......Page 347
CHAPTER 16 Molluscs......Page 349
16.1 Molluscs......Page 350
16.2 Form and Function......Page 352
16.3 Classes of Molluscs......Page 355
16.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 375
Summary......Page 378
CHAPTER 17 Annelids and Allied Taxa......Page 380
17.1 Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids) and Echiurans......Page 381
17.2 Phylum Sipuncula......Page 398
17.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 399
Summary......Page 400
CHAPTER 18 Smaller Ecdysozoans......Page 402
18.1 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms......Page 403
18.2 Phylum Nematomorpha......Page 411
18.4 Phylum Kinorhyncha......Page 412
18.5 Phylum Priapulida......Page 413
18.7 Phylum Onychophora......Page 414
18.8 Phylum Tardigrada......Page 415
18.9 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 416
Summary......Page 417
CHAPTER 19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods......Page 419
19.1 Phylum Arthropoda......Page 420
19.2 Subphylum Trilobita......Page 423
19.3 Subphylum Chelicerata......Page 424
19.4 Subphylum Myriapoda......Page 431
19.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 434
Summary......Page 436
CHAPTER 20 Crustaceans......Page 438
20.1 Subphylum Crustacea......Page 440
20.2 A Brief Survey of Crustaceans......Page 448
20.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 454
Summary......Page 458
CHAPTER 21 Hexapods......Page 460
21.1 Class Insecta......Page 461
21.2 Insects and Human Welfare......Page 479
21.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 485
Summary......Page 486
CHAPTER 22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates......Page 488
22.2 Form and Function......Page 490
22.5 Phylum Echinodermata......Page 491
22.6 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 506
22.7 Phylum Hemichordata......Page 508
22.8 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 511
Summary......Page 512
CHAPTER 23 Chordates......Page 515
23.1 The Chordates......Page 516
23.2 Five Chordate Hallmarks......Page 519
23.3 Ancestry and Evolution......Page 520
23.4 Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata)......Page 521
23.6 Subphylum Vertebrata......Page 523
Summary......Page 530
CHAPTER 24 Fishes......Page 533
24.2 Living Jawless Fishes......Page 534
24.3 Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes......Page 539
24.4 Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes and Tetrapods......Page 543
24.5 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes......Page 548
Summary......Page 558
CHAPTER 25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians......Page 560
25.1 Devonian Origin of Tetrapods......Page 561
25.2 Modern Amphibians......Page 563
Summary......Page 576
CHAPTER 26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles......Page 579
26.1 Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes......Page 580
26.2 Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Groups......Page 585
Summary......Page 599
CHAPTER 27 Birds......Page 601
27.1 Origin and Relationships......Page 602
27.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight......Page 605
27.3 Flight......Page 613
27.4 Migration and Navigation......Page 616
27.5 Social Behavior and Reproduction......Page 618
27.6 Bird Populations and Their Conservation......Page 621
Summary......Page 622
CHAPTER 28 Mammals......Page 627
28.1 Origin and Evolution of Mammals......Page 628
28.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals......Page 631
28.3 Humans and Mammals......Page 644
28.4 Human Evolution......Page 645
Summary......Page 653
CHAPTER 29 Support, Protection, and Movement......Page 656
29.1 Integument......Page 657
29.2 Skeletal Systems......Page 660
29.3 Animal Movement......Page 665
Summary......Page 675
CHAPTER 30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation......Page 677
30.1 Water and Osmotic Regulation......Page 678
30.2 Invertebrate Excretory Structures......Page 682
30.3 Vertebrate Kidney......Page 684
30.4 Temperature Regulation......Page 689
Summary......Page 694
CHAPTER 31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration......Page 697
31.1 Internal Fluid Environment......Page 698
31.2 Composition of Blood......Page 699
31.3 Circulation......Page 701
31.4 Respiration......Page 708
Summary......Page 717
CHAPTER 32 Digestion and Nutrition......Page 719
32.1 Feeding Mechanisms......Page 720
32.2 Digestion......Page 723
32.3 Or ganization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals......Page 725
32.4 Regulation of Food Intake......Page 730
32.5 Nutritional Requirements......Page 732
Summary......Page 734
CHAPTER 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs......Page 737
33.1 Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems......Page 738
33.2 Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves......Page 742
33.3 Evolution of Nervous Systems......Page 744
33.4 Sense Organs......Page 750
Summary......Page 761
CHAPTER 34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System......Page 763
34.1 Mechanisms of Hormone Action......Page 764
34.2 Invertebrate Hormones......Page 766
34.3 Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones......Page 768
Summary......Page 778
CHAPTER 35 Immunity......Page 781
35.2 Innate Defense Mechanisms......Page 782
35.4 Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates......Page 786
Summary......Page 792
CHAPTER 36 Animal Behavior......Page 795
36.1 Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology......Page 797
36.2 Control of Behavior......Page 798
36.3 Social Behavior......Page 801
Summary......Page 811
CHAPTER 37 Animal Distributions......Page 814
37.1 Principles of Historical Biogeography......Page 815
37.2 Distribution of Life on Earth......Page 821
Summary......Page 831
CHAPTER 38 Animal Ecology......Page 833
38.1 The Hierarchy of Ecology......Page 834
38.2 Extinction and Biodiversity......Page 846
Summary......Page 849
Glossary......Page 852
Index......Page 898