Integrated Modeling of Reservoir Fluid Properties and Multiphase Flow in Offshore Production Systems (Petroleum Engineering)

Preface
Contents
Symbols and Abbreviations
	Roman
	Greek
	Subscripts and Superscripts
	Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Oil Constituents
	1.3 Classification of Reservoirs
	1.4 Volumetric and Phase Behavior
	1.5 The Flow of Oil Mixtures
	1.6 Well Flow Rate Determination
	1.7 Scope and Objectives of the Book
	References
2 Thermodynamics of Petroleum Mixtures
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Equations of State
		2.2.1 Van der Waals Equation
		2.2.2 Modern Equations of State
		2.2.3 Further Improvements
		2.2.4 Solution of Cubic Equations of State
		2.2.5 Mixing Rules
	2.3 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
		2.3.1 Types of Problems and Formulation
		2.3.2 Chemical Potential and Fugacity of a Component
		2.3.3 Calculation of Equilibrium Constants
		2.3.4 Solving the Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Problem
		2.3.5 Stability Analysis in Flash Calculations
	2.4 Obtaining the Thermodynamic Properties  of the Mixture
	2.5 Characterization of Oil Reservoir Fluids
		2.5.1 Critical Properties, Acentric Factor and Specific Heat of SCN Fractions
		2.5.2 Splitting the Heavy Fraction
		2.5.3 Lumping Components
		2.5.4 Model Fitting
	2.6 Preliminary Results
	References
3 Developing a Fluid Model
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Initial Assumptions
	3.3 New Expressions for the Angular Coefficient of the alpha(T) Function
		3.3.1 Consistency Test and Extrapolation of Current Expressions
		3.3.2 Fitting of New Functions
	3.4 New Correlations for the Characterization of SCN Fractions
		3.4.1 Consistency Test and Extrapolation of Current Correlations
		3.4.2 New Fitting of Exponential Functions
		3.4.3 Results and Comparisons
	3.5 Methodology for Fitting the Proposed Fluid Model
		3.5.1 Introduction of Fitting Coefficients
		3.5.2 Definition of the Minimum Set of Variables
		3.5.3 Composition of the Objective Function
		3.5.4 Objective Function Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology
		3.5.5 Definition of Weights, Results and Comparison
	3.6 Empirical Correlations for the Calculation of Other Properties
		3.6.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Formation Water
		3.6.2 Transport Properties
	3.7 Results and Validation
	References
4 Fluid Flow in Oil Production Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Stratified Flow
		4.2.1 Interface Shape
		4.2.2 Shear Stresses
	4.3 Annular Flow
		4.3.1 Shear Stresses
		4.3.2 Liquid Entrained Fraction
	4.4 Bubbly and Dispersed Bubble Flows
		4.4.1 Slip Law Parameters
		4.4.2 Wall Shear Stress
	4.5 Slug and Elongated Bubble Flow
		4.5.1 Slip Law Parameters
		4.5.2 Gas Volume Fraction in the Liquid Slug
		4.5.3 Wall Shear Stress
	4.6 Flow Pattern Determination
		4.6.1 Liquid Film Stability
		4.6.2 Gas Bubbles Stability
		4.6.3 Liquid Slug and Dumitrescu-Taylor Bubble Stability
	4.7 Solution of Two-Phase Flows Using the Mechanistic Approach
		4.7.1 North Sea Model
		4.7.2 Gulf of Mexico Model
	4.8 Preliminary Results
	References
5 Simulation of Offshore Production Systems
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Conservation Equations
		5.2.1 Mass Conservation
		5.2.2 Momentum Conservation
		5.2.3 Energy Conservation
	5.3 Heat Transfer in Offshore Production Wells
	5.4 Application of the Marching Algorithm
	5.5 Data Collection and Model Construction
	5.6 Preliminary Results
		5.6.1 Qualitative Analysis of the Profiles Obtained
		5.6.2 Calculation of Pressure Drop in Offshore Production Wells
	References
6 Improving the Fluid Flow Model
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Identification of the Most Relevant Parameters
		6.2.1 Introduction of Fitting Coefficients
		6.2.2 Effect of Fitting Coefficients on Pressure Drop Estimates
	6.3 Survey of Alternatives to Current Calculation Methods
		6.3.1 Wall Shear Stress in Bubbly Flow
		6.3.2 Volume Fraction of Gas in the Liquid Slug for the Slug Pattern
	6.4 Review of Wall Roughness in Production Tubing and Pipelines
	6.5 Accuracy Test and Definition of the Best Set
	6.6 Results and Validation
		6.6.1 Flow Pattern, Volumetric Fraction and Pressure Gradient Maps
		6.6.2 Calculation of Pressure Drop in Offshore Production Wells
		6.6.3 Simulations with a Simplified Reservoir Model
	References
7 Concluding Remarks
	7.1 Modeling the Properties of Oil Reservoir Fluids in the Pre-salt Cluster
	7.2 Two-Phase Flow Modeling in Pre-salt Offshore Production Wells
	7.3 Integration Between the Two Disciplines
	References
Appendix A Obtaining the Roots of Cubic Equations of State
Appendix B Calculation of Departure Functions
B.1  Redlich-Kwong Equation of State
B.2  Peng-Robinson Equation of State
Appendix C Weighting of Liquid Phase Properties