Integrated forest biorefineries

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Integrated Forest Biorefineries......Page 20
1.2.1 Hemicellulose Platform......Page 23
1.2.2 Lignin Platform......Page 44
1.2.3 Extractives Platform......Page 55
1.3 Concluding Remarks......Page 61
References......Page 64
2.1 Introduction......Page 82
2.2.1 Conditions and Outlook of Forest Products Markets......Page 83
2.2.2 Supply Chains of Traditional Forest Products......Page 84
2.3.1 Supply Chains of IFBRs......Page 85
2.3.2 Key Economic Aspects of IFBRs......Page 86
2.4 A Decision Support Model for IFBRs......Page 89
2.5.2 Policy for Enhancing IFBR Development and Deployment......Page 92
2.6 Summary and Discussion......Page 93
References......Page 94
3.1 Introduction......Page 95
3.2 Background......Page 96
3.3 U.S. Sustainability Frameworks and Policy......Page 97
3.5 Sustainability Topics to Watch......Page 109
References......Page 110
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2 Biorefinery Operational Parameters......Page 115
4.3 Hydrolysis Yield Impact on Economic Models......Page 116
4.4 Benefits of  Product-Driven Operational Parameters......Page 120
4.5 Value of Residues......Page 123
4.6 Thermochemical Options......Page 125
4.7 Integrated Processing......Page 128
4.8 Conclusion......Page 129
References......Page 131
5.1 Introduction......Page 132
5.2 Industrial Sustainability: An Overview......Page 135
5.3.1 Retrofitting Pulp and Paper Mills into Integrated ForestBiorefineries......Page 136
5.3.2 Integrated Forest Biorefinery with Industrial SustainabilityApplications: A Case Study on Tembec Temiscaming......Page 137
5.4 Opportunities in Industrial Sustainability forIntegrated Forest Biorefinery: A Case Study......Page 138
5.4.4 Environmentally Benign Management of Waste Effluentand Reutilization......Page 139
5.4.6 Socioeconomic Aspects......Page 140
5.5.1 Environmental Sustainability Issues Related to Feedstock......Page 141
5.5.2 Research and Development......Page 143
5.5.7 End-of-Life Legislations for New Products......Page 144
5.6 Policy Intervention: Improving Competitiveness of Integrated Forest Biorefinery Through Industrial Sustainability......Page 145
References......Page 146
6.1 Introduction and Background......Page 149
6.2 Prehydrolysis Thermomechanical Pulping......Page 152
6.2.1 Experimental Prehydrolysis-TMP......Page 153
6.2.2 Experimental Fermentation of Hydrolysate Sugars......Page 155
6.2.3 Modeling Prehydrolysis-TMP and Fermentation Process Concept......Page 158
6.3 Summary and Path Forward......Page 164
References......Page 165
7.1 The ‘‘Business’’ of Transforming Plant Biomassfor Human Use......Page 166
7.2 The Science Behind the Technology: WoodyBiomass Conversions......Page 167
7.3 Pretreatment Processes......Page 170
7.3.1 Acid Pretreatment......Page 171
7.3.2 Alkaline Pretreatment......Page 172
7.3.4 Ammonia Fiber Explosion Pretreatment (AFEX)......Page 173
7.3.5 Hydrothermal Pretreatment......Page 174
7.4 Bringing the Science to Commerce: ABS Processt Biorefinery Technology......Page 177
7.5.1 Products from Extracted Wood and Nonfood Agricultural Materials......Page 179
7.5.2 Products from Extracted Sugars......Page 180
7.5.3 Chemicals and Materials......Page 181
7.5.4 Insol Fraction......Page 183
7.5.5 Sol Fraction......Page 184
References......Page 185
8.1.1 Sources in Nature......Page 195
8.1.2 Industrial Sources......Page 197
8.2.1 Lignins from Alkaline Pulping......Page 198
8.2.2 Lignin from Sulfite Pulping......Page 206
8.2.3 Lignin from Other Liquors......Page 207
8.3.1 Situation Today......Page 208
8.3.2 Applications for Polymeric Lignin......Page 209
8.3.3 Applications for Monomeric Lignin......Page 215
8.3.4 Fuel Applications......Page 216
References......Page 221
9.1 Biomass Gasification......Page 226
9.1.1 Biomass Characterization......Page 227
9.1.2 Gasifier Types and Processes......Page 228
9.1.3 Chemical Reactions in the Gasification Process......Page 232
9.1.4 Effect of Various Parameters in the Gasification Process......Page 235
9.1.6 Use of Producer Gas for Power and Fuels......Page 242
9.2 Fast Pyrolysis......Page 243
9.2.1 Pyrolysis Reactor Configurations......Page 245
9.2.2 Pyrolysis Mechanism and Pathways......Page 249
9.2.3 Bio-Oil Properties......Page 250
9.2.4 Bio-Oil Applications......Page 251
9.2.5 Bio-Oil Upgrading......Page 254
9.2.7 Economical Analysis......Page 257
References......Page 258
10.1 Biohydrogen......Page 271
10.1.1 Dark Fermentative Hydrogen Production......Page 272
10.1.2 Hydrogenase Enzymes......Page 273
10.2 Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 275
10.3 Hydrogen Yields from Lignocellulosic Biomass......Page 276
10.3.1 Biohydrogen from Hydrolyzed Cellulose......Page 277
10.3.2 Biohydrogen from Direct Cellulose Fermentation......Page 278
10.4 Process Engineering for Fermentation......Page 279
10.4.1 Single-Phase Fermentation Reactions......Page 280
10.4.2 Two-Phase Systems......Page 281
References......Page 283
11.1 Introduction......Page 291
11.2.1 Composite Elements......Page 293
11.2.2 Adhesives......Page 294
11.2.3 Additives......Page 295
11.2.4 Products......Page 296
11.3.1 Inorganic-Bonded Composite Materials......Page 302
11.3.2 Wood–Thermoplastic Composite Materials......Page 303
References......Page 304
Subject Index......Page 305