Integrated CAD by Optimization: Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Urban Development and Management

Acknowledgement
Contents
Chapter 1: Integrated Computer-Aided Design by Optimization: An Overview
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Information Technology Revolution: Impact on Society and Effect on the Working of Organizations and Professions in Various...
	1.3 CAD as Information Technology Application Area
	1.4 Information Technology Revolution and CAD in the AEC Sector
	1.5 Conventional Design and CAD
		1.5.1 Some Unique Capabilities and Advantages of CAD and Graphics
	1.6 Computerizing the Design Process: Need of Hardwares and Software
		1.6.1 CAD and Hardwares
		1.6.2 Software in CAD
		1.6.3 Computer Algorithms in CAD
		1.6.4 Principles of Computer Graphics
			1.6.4.1 Mathematical Formulations for Computer Graphics
		1.6.5 Principles of CADD
	1.7 Planning and Design Process
		1.7.1 Stages in Planning and Design Process
		1.7.2 Planning and Design in Architecture, Planning, Civil Engineering and Urban Development, i.e. AEC Sector, as Problem-Solv...
	1.8 Design Analysis and CAD
	1.9 Design Optimization and CAD
		1.9.1 Special Capability of CAD to Apply Optimization
		1.9.2 Optimization: A Crucial Need in AEC Sector
	1.10 Integrated Computer-Aided Design by Optimization
		1.10.1 Geometric Modeling
		1.10.2 Cost Engineering Data Management, Storage, and Transfer
		1.10.3 Planning and Design Analysis
		1.10.4 Design Optimization
		1.10.5 Architectural and Engineering Drafting
	1.11 Planning and Design as Management Function: Utility of IT-CAD
		1.11.1 IT-CAD as Management Techniques to Improve Productivity, Social Equity, and Social Responsiveness in AEC Operations
		1.11.2 Urban Management Education
	1.12 Closure
Chapter 2: Urbanization, Urban Management, and Computer-Aided Planning and Design
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Need of Effective Urban Management to Derive Beneficial Impacts of Urbanization and Improve the Quality of Life for All
	2.3 Conventional Practice in the Urban Sector: Limitations and Need for an Integrated Management Approach Using Modern IT Tools
		2.3.1 Problem of Multiple Actors and Stakeholders in Context of Urban Dynamics
		2.3.2 Difficulty to Adopt an Integrated Approach for Urban Problem Solution
		2.3.3 Urban Planning, Development Control, Efficiency, and Social Equity in Urbanization: A Case Study
		2.3.4 Some Application Results of Operations Research in Urban Development Planning and Design Analysis for Urban Policy Evalu...
			2.3.4.1 FAR & Built-Unit-Cost Interaction: Urban Management and Housing and Urban Development Planning and Design Policy Impli...
			2.3.4.2 Building-Rise-Density Interaction: Urban Management and Building and Urban Development Planning and Design Policy Impl...
		2.3.5 Need for an Integrated Urban Management Approach
	2.4 Management Theories and a Concept of Integrated Urban Management
		2.4.1 Systems Approach to Urban Management
		2.4.2 Managerial Functions
			2.4.2.1 Planning
			2.4.2.2 Organizing
			2.4.2.3 Staffing
			2.4.2.4 Leading
			2.4.2.5 Controlling
		2.4.3 Urban Planning as the Planning Function in Urban Management
	2.5 Applicability and Usefulness of Modern Management Principles and Techniques in Urban Planning and Management
		2.5.1 Modern Management Principles in Urban Operations: Some Illustrative Examples
			2.5.1.1 Principle of Productivity
			2.5.1.2 Principle of Social Responsiveness
			2.5.1.3 Principles of Flexibility and Navigational Change
		2.5.2 Modern Management Techniques in Urban Operations: Some Clarifying Examples
			2.5.2.1 Management Science
			2.5.2.2 Operations Research
			2.5.2.3 Cost Engineering
			2.5.2.4 Information Technology
			2.5.2.5 Computer-Aided Design
	2.6 Urban Management Education
		2.6.1 Urban Management Education as a Distinct Discipline: A Course Design
		2.6.2 Elements of Urban Management as a Subject of Study for AEC Professionals
		2.6.3 Computer-Aided Design as a Subject of Study for AEC Professionals
	2.7 Equipping Urban Professionals as Accountable Managers for Resource-Efficient and Equitable Problem Solution in the Urban S...
	2.8 Closure
Chapter 3: Elements of Numerical Techniques and Operations Research for CAD
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Matrices
		3.2.1 Determinant of a Matrix
		3.2.2 Rank of a Matrix
	3.3 Numerical Solution of Systems of Linear Simultaneous Equations
		3.3.1 Solution of Systems of Linear Equations Using Cramer´s Rule
		3.3.2 Solution of Systems of Linear Equations Using Gaussian Elimination
	3.4 Numerical Differentiation
	3.5 Numerical Solution of Systems of Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations
		3.5.1 Solution of Single Variable Nonlinear Equation
		3.5.2 Solution of a System of Two Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations
		3.5.3 Solution of a System of Three Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations
	3.6 Automating Nonlinear Equation Solution Process Using Numerical Differentiation Technique
	3.7 Closure
Chapter 4: Elements of Cost Engineering and Database Management in Computer-Aided Design
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Time Value of Money and Affordability Analysis in Housing Development
		4.2.1 Housing Affordability Analysis: Constant Equal Payment Series in Entire Period
		4.2.2 Housing Affordability Analysis: Variable Equal Payment Series in Each Sub-period
	4.3 Comparative Housing Affordability Analysis: Using Constant and Variable Equal Payment in Each Sub-period
	4.4 Affordability Analysis and Computer-Aided Design
	4.5 Listing of the Complete Computer Program: EMI.CPP
	4.6 Database Management in Cost Engineering
	4.7 Cost Engineering and Database Management Model in CAD
		4.7.1 Database Management Matrix-Labour and Material Quantity Coefficients (Matrix: LMQC)
		4.7.2 Database Management Matrix: Labour and Material Rate Coefficients (Matrix: LMRC)
		4.7.3 Items of Illustrative Labour and Materials Considered
		4.7.4 Details of Illustrative Items of Works Considered
		4.7.5 Dynamic Database Management Matrix for Unit Cost Estimating
	4.8 Listing of an Illustrative Cost Engineering Database Management Program: DBM.CPP
		4.8.1 Illustrative Examples of Labour and Material Quantity Coefficients Change
		4.8.2 Illustrative Examples of Labour and Material Rate Coefficients Change
	4.9 Cost Estimating Techniques: Unit Rate Technique
	4.10 Computer-Aided Cost Estimating and Database Management
	4.11 Software HudCAD: Cost Engineering and Database Management Model
		4.11.1 Application of the Cost Engineering and Database Management Model with Actual Dialogue Structure: Generation of a Site-...
		4.11.2 Application Example of the Cost Engineering and Database Management Model: Instant Generation of a Site-Specific Schedu...
	4.12 Universal Nature of the Cost Engineering Model
	4.13 Closure
Chapter 5: Elements of Computer Graphics and Architectural and Engineering Drafting
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Short Overview of Graphics Systems and Applications
		5.2.1 Some Graphic Techniques and Hardwares
			5.2.1.1 Video Display Devices
			5.2.1.2 Raster Scan System
			5.2.1.3 Random Scan system
			5.2.1.4 Input Devices
			5.2.1.5 Hard-Copy Output Devices
	5.3 Graphics Software
		5.3.1 Some Graphic Primitives and Coordinate Systems
			5.3.1.1 Graphic Primitives: Displaying Points
			5.3.1.2 Graphic Primitives: Displaying Lines
	5.4 Graphic Programming in AutoLISP
		5.4.1 AutoLISP Variables and Functions
		5.4.2 Integrated CADD by Optimization Using Both AutoLISP and C++
			5.4.2.1 A Simple Graphic Program in AutoLISP
			5.4.2.2 A Simple C++ Program BOXC.CPP for Optimum BOX Calculations
			5.4.2.3 Lisp Output File `boxout.lsp´ Generated by C++ Program for Each Cycle of Calculations
				Lisp Output File: `boxout.lsp´ Generated in Alternative-1
				Lisp Output File `boxout.lsp´ Generated in Alternative-2
			5.4.2.4 Drawing Generated by the AutoLISP Graphic Program `boxa.lsp´ for Each Alternative
		5.4.3 Integrated CADD Without Optimization Using Only Application Graphics Programming in AutoLISP: An Example
	5.5 Graphics Programming in C++
		5.5.1 Graphics Programming in C++ Using Directly the VDU Memory
		5.5.2 Screen Mode
		5.5.3 Preparing the Screen for Graphics
		5.5.4 Changing the Screen for Text Mode
		5.5.5 Detecting the Hardware
	5.6 Integrated CADD by Optimization Using Only Standalone C++
		5.6.1 A Land Subdivision Optimization Model
	5.7 Closure
Chapter 6: Planning and Design Analysis in Urban Development and Management and a Theory of Optimal Urban-Built-Form
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Holistic Urban Development and Management: Principles of Efficiency and Effectiveness in Planning and Design Analysis
	6.3 Holistic Urban Management: Principles of Social Responsiveness in Planning and Design Analysis
	6.4 Holistic Urban Management: Principles of Flexibility and Navigational Change in Urban Planning, Design, and Urban Developm...
	6.5 A Theory of Optimal Urban-Built-Form for Resource-Efficient Urban Problem Solution
		6.5.1 A Model for Optimal Design of Urban-Built-Form
		6.5.2 Algebraic Formulas for Optimal Design of Urban-Built-Form
		6.5.3 Optimal Design of Urban-Built-Form Using Algebraic Formulas: A Case Study
	6.6 Computer-Aided Planning and Design Analysis
		6.6.1 HUDCO Model
		6.6.2 Application of Traditional Management Principles in Urban Development Planning and Management to achieve Efficiency, Equ...
		6.6.3 Software Features and Benefits
		6.6.4 Operation of the Applications Software: `CADUB´-`CAUB´-Procedure and Computer Prompts Appearing in Video Screen
		6.6.5 Illustrative Applications of the Software: `CADUB´-`CAUB´
			6.6.5.1 Determining Interaction and Sensitivity between Urban `Built-Form-Elements´ (`BFE´) and Building Rise-Density Interact...
			6.6.5.2 Determining Interaction and Sensitivity Between Urban `Built-Form-Elements´ (`BFE´): `FAR´- Built-Unit-Cost Sensitivit...
			6.6.5.3 Determining Interaction and Sensitivity Between Urban `Built-Form-Elements´ (`BFE´): Density-Built-Space Interaction (...
			6.6.5.4 FAR and Built-Unit-Cost Interaction: Urban Management, Housing, and Urban Development Planning and Design Policy Impli...
			6.6.5.5 Application of `CAUB´/`CADUB´ in Participatory-Planning to Decide Sustainable Planning Regulations Responsive to Peopl...
			6.6.5.6 Planning and Design Analysis and Optimization of Urban-Built-Form: Application of Model-9 and 10 to Derive Optimal FAR...
			6.6.5.7 Conventional Planning Practice and the Land Price-Optimum-FAR-Building-Rise Interaction Giving the Built-Unit-Cost
		6.6.6 Planning and Design Analysis and Integration of Numeric and Graphic Design
		6.6.7 Transfer of Development Rights and Improving Social Responsiveness in Urban Operations: Sale of FAR to Promote Social Ho...
	6.7 Closure
Chapter 7: Optimization Techniques and Design Optimization
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Optimization: Its Philosophical Link and Ancient Origin
	7.3 Optimization in Planning and Design Problems
	7.4 Characteristics and Some Basic Concepts of Optimization
		7.4.1 Models
		7.4.2 Variables and Constraints
		7.4.3 Objective Function and Optimization
	7.5 Optimization Techniques
	7.6 Linear Programming Techniques
		7.6.1 Simplex Method in Linear Programming
			7.6.1.1 Application of Simplex Method in Linear Programming: Illustrative Example I
			7.6.1.2 Application of Simplex Method in Linear Programming: Illustrative Example II
		7.6.2 Application of Linear Programming in Building Floor Plan Synthesis Problems
	7.7 Nonlinear Programming Techniques and Some Basic Concepts
		7.7.1 Significance of Concave and Convex Functions in Optimization
		7.7.2 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Optimality
	7.8 Use of Lagrange Multiplier Approach to the Optimization of Functions of Several Variables
		7.8.1 Application of Lagrange Multiplier Technique: An Example Problem for Optimal Design of a Box-Container to Carry Material...
	7.9 Kuhn-Tucker Conditions for Optimality
		7.9.1 Kuhn-Tucker sufficiency conditions for optimality
	7.10 Differential Approach and Classical Optimization
		7.10.1 Functions of Single Variable: Application Example of Differential Approach to Architectural Design Optimization
		7.10.2 Functions of Several Variables: Application Example of Differential Approach to Optimization of Function of Several Var...
	7.11 Unconstrained and Constrained Nonlinear Optimization
		7.11.1 Illustrative Examples of Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization in Urban-Built-Form Design
	7.12 Geometric Programming
		7.12.1 An Illustrative Example of Optimization to Explain Some Concepts in Geometric Programming
		7.12.2 Mathematical Formulation of Geometric Programming Problem
		7.12.3 Posynomial Geometric Programming-Unconstrained Case
		7.12.4 Degrees of Difficulty
			7.12.4.1 An Example Problem with Zero Degrees of Difficulty
		7.12.5 Duality Concept and the Primal Dual Relations in Geometric Programming
			7.12.5.1 Duality Concept and the Primal Dual Relations: Container Example Problem
		7.12.6 Posynomial Geometric Programming: Inequality Constrained Case
		7.12.7 Urban-Built-Form Design Optimization: An Example of Posynomial Problem with Inequality Constraints and with Presence of...
			7.12.7.1 Compact Formulas Developed for Urban-Built-Form Design Optimization
		7.12.8 Signomial Geometric Programming
			7.12.8.1 An illustrative Example of Signomial Geometric Programming Problem
			7.12.8.2 Affordable Dwelling-Layout System Design Optimization: An Example of Signomial Geometric Programming Problem
	7.13 Search Techniques
		7.13.1 Steepest Gradient Search
	7.14 Closure
Chapter 8: Integrated Computer-Aided Structural Design by Optimization
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Structural Engineering and Structural Design Optimization
		8.2.1 Structural Design Optimization
			8.2.1.1 Size Optimization
			8.2.1.2 Shape Optimization
			8.2.1.3 Topology Optimization
			8.2.1.4 Integration of Size, Shape, and Topology Optimization
			8.2.1.5 Need for Expanding Applications of Optimization in Structural Engineering and Architecture
	8.3 Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
	8.4 Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams
		8.4.1 Design Economics of a Reinforced Concrete Beam
	8.5 Optimization Models for Reinforced Concrete Beams
		8.5.1 Least-Cost Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Width of Beam as Constraint: Model-I
			8.5.1.1 Model Solution
			8.5.1.2 Model Calibration
		8.5.2 Least-Cost Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Width: Depth Ratio as Constraint: Model-II
			8.5.2.1 Model Solution
			8.5.2.2 Model Calibration
	8.6 Conventional Design Method of Reinforced Concrete Beam and Sensitivity Analysis: Model-III
		8.6.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam Cost to the Variation of Steel Ratio
		8.6.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam Cost to the Variation of Beam Width
		8.6.3 Conventional Design Method of Reinforced Concrete Beam Including Cost
	8.7 Computer-Aided Optimal Design of Structures
	8.8 Application of Computer-Aided Optimal and Conventional Design in Example Problems
		8.8.1 Example Application Results of LEAST-COST R.C. Beam Design: Model-I
		8.8.2 Example Application Results of LEAST-COST R.C. Beam Design: Model-II
		8.8.3 Example Application Results of Conventional R.C. Beam Design: Model-III
			8.8.3.1 Example Application Results of Sensitivity Analysis of Beam Cost to the Steel Ratio
			8.8.3.2 Example Application Results of Sensitivity Analysis of Beam Cost to the Width of Beam
			8.8.3.3 Example Application Results of Conventional Iterative Flexural Strength Design of Beam
	8.9 Integration of Computer-Aided Numerical Optimal Design and Graphics
	8.10 Integrated Computer-Aided Optimal Design and Drafting in Structural Engineering-RC Beam
	8.11 Optimization of Other Repeated Reinforced Concrete Members
		8.11.1 Optimization of Rectangular Concrete Beams with Compression Reinforcement: Model-IV
			8.11.1.1 Model Calibration and Some Example Application Results
		8.11.2 Optimization of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams: Model-V
			8.11.2.1 Model Calibration and Example Application Results of Least-Cost RC T-Beam
		8.11.3 Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Beams: Model-VI
			8.11.3.1 Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Beam: An Example Problem
		8.11.4 Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Columns: Model-VII
			8.11.4.1 Model Solution
	8.12 Optimal Design Method and Conventional Design Method: A Comparison
	8.13 Closure
Chapter 9: Integrated Computer-Aided Buildings and Housing Design by Optimization
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Building and Housing Design as a Problem-Solving Process: Useful Role of Computers
	9.3 Optimization and CAD in AEC Operations: Building, Housing, and Urban Development Systems
	9.4 Optimization of Building and Housing Development Systems
		9.4.1 Module Concept in Building and Housing Development System Design
		9.4.2 Optimization of a Single-Family Dwelling Shell Without Adopting Module Concept
		9.4.3 Relevance of Cost Engineering in Optimization
			9.4.3.1 Cost Estimating
		9.4.4 Computer-Aided Cost Estimating
	9.5 Creating Models for Building and Housing Development System Design Optimization
	9.6 Deriving Unit Design Module Coefficients for Building and Housing Development System Design Optimization
		9.6.1 Context A: Low- and Medium-Income Countries
			9.6.1.1 Deriving Unit Design Module Coefficients for Dwelling Module-D
			9.6.1.2 Deriving Design Module Coefficients for Dwelling Module: C-Figure 9.2
			9.6.1.3 Deriving Design Module Coefficients for Dwelling Module: B-Figure 9.2
			9.6.1.4 Deriving Design Module Coefficients for Dwelling Module: A-Figure 9.2
		9.6.2 Context-High-Income Countries
			9.6.2.1 A Schematic Dwelling Unit Design Module: E for High-Income Housing
			9.6.2.2 Deriving Design Module Coefficients for the Dwelling Module: E
	9.7 Developing Cost Coefficients and Cost Functions in Building and Housing Development Systems Optimization
	9.8 Typology of Optimizing Models for Optimal Building and Housing Design
		9.8.1 An Example Least-Cost Optimizing Model (LCO Model) for Optimal Building-Housing Design
			9.8.1.1 Model Solution
		9.8.2 An Example Most-Benefit Design Model (MBO Model) for Optimal Building-Housing Design
			9.8.2.1 Model Solution
	9.9 Calibration of the Least-Cost and Most-Benefit Optimal Design Models
	9.10 Application of the Least-Cost and Most-Benefit Optimal Design Models: Illustrative Numerical Examples of Computer-Aided B...
		9.10.1 Least-Cost Design
			9.10.1.1 Context: A-Middle/Low-Income Countries
			9.10.1.2 Context: B-High-Income Countries
		9.10.2 Most-Benefit Design
			9.10.2.1 Context: A-Middle/Low-Income Countries
			9.10.2.2 Context: B-High-Income Countries
	9.11 Integrated Numeric-Analysis-Graphics in Building-Housing Design by Optimization Including all Five Components-Need/Utilit...
		9.11.1 Application Software: `HudCAD´ for Integrated Computer-Aided Building-Housing Design by Optimization and Drafting-Drawi...
		9.11.2 Operation of the Application Software
		9.11.3 Optimizing Iteration Dialogue Structure of `HudCAD´: Module-I, Displayed in Computer Screen During Run of the Applicati...
		9.11.4 Output Lisp Files Generated by the Numeric Part of the Software
		9.11.5 Some Application Results of Integrated CAD by Optimization in Housing and Urban Development Using Application Software:...
	9.12 Compatibility Between all Five Components of Integrated CAD by Optimization, and Its Utility in AEC Operations (Building ...
		9.12.1 Context: Very Low-Income Countries Case
			9.12.1.1 Site-Specific Schedule of Rates (SOR) Instantly Given by the Cost Engineering Model
			9.12.1.2 Site-Specific Building Component Unit Costs and the Output Optimal Results Instantly Given by the Cost Engineering Mo...
				Output Optimal Results of C++ Program CLC1.CPP for Given Input Design-Decisions
			9.12.1.3 Detailed Estimate per Dwelling Unit INSTANTLY Given by the Cost Engineering Model
				Site-Specific Detailed Estimate per Dwelling Unit INSTANTLY Given by Cost Engineering Model
			9.12.1.4 Site-Specific Building Design Drawing Compatible with the Above Output Optimal Results, Instantly Given by the Compon...
		9.12.2 Context: Low- or Middle-Income Countries Case
			9.12.2.1 Site-Specific Building Component Unit Costs and the Output Optimal Results Instantly Given by the Cost Engineering Mo...
				Output Optimal Results of C++ Program CLC1.CPP for Given Input Design-Decisions
		9.12.3 Detailed Estimate per Dwelling Unit INSTANTLY Given by the Cost Engineering Model
			9.12.3.1 Site-Specific Detailed Estimate per Dwelling Unit INSTANTLY Given by Cost Engineering Model:
			9.12.3.2 Site-Specific Building Design Drawing Compatible with the Above Output Optimal Results, Instantly Given by the Compon...
		9.12.4 Context: High-Income Countries Case
			9.12.4.1 Site-Specific Building Component Unit Costs and the Output Optimal Results Instantly Given by the Cost Engineering Mo...
				Output Optimal Least-Cost Results of C++ Program CLC1.CPP for Given Input Design-Decisions
			9.12.4.2 Detailed Estimate per Dwelling Unit INSTANTLY Given by the Cost Engineering Model
				Site-Specific Detailed Estimate per Dwelling Unit INSTANTLY Given by Cost Engineering Model
			9.12.4.3 Dimensional Diagram of Built-Unit-Design Pattern: E, Compatible with the Above Least-Cost Output Optimal Results in N...
	9.13 Integrated CAD Application Results: Some Major Differences with the Conventional Planning-Design Practices and Implicatio...
		9.13.1 Large Variations in QDEIs: Limitation of Conventional Practices and Utility of Integrated CAD in Achieving a Resource-E...
		9.13.2 Achieving Instantly Exact Value of Designer Specified Built-Space Together with Least-Cost
		9.13.3 Comparative Visual Analysis of Designs Along with QDEIs
		9.13.4 Synthesizing Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives in Design
		9.13.5 Participatory Planning and Design in Building-Housing to Promote Social Responsiveness
	9.14 Universal Applicability of Quantitative Analysis, Optimization, and Integrated CAD in AEC Operations Including Building-H...
	9.15 Closure
Chapter 10: Integrated Computer-Aided Layout Planning and Design by Optimization
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Layout Planning and Design Process: Systems Nature of the Problem
		10.2.1 Large- and Small-Scale Urban Models
	10.3 Design Viewpoint of Large- and Small-Scale Urban Models
		10.3.1 Large-Scale Urban Modelling for Land-Use Design
		10.3.2 Small-Scale Residential Development Design Models
			10.3.2.1 Planning Module Concept in Layout Planning and Design
	10.4 Design Economics and Cost-Effectiveness of Residential Layout Plans: Limitations of Conventional Planning Practice
	10.5 Quantitative Analysis and Optimization in Residential Layout Design: A Literature Review
	10.6 Models for Quantitative Analysis and Optimization
		10.6.1 Developing a Mathematical Model for Quantitative Analysis in Layout Planning and Design
		10.6.2 Complex Interaction between Cost and Physical Parameters in a Layout System: Need for Application of Quantitative Analy...
		10.6.3 Layout System Planning and Design: A Case of Optimization
			10.6.3.1 Lot Cost Sensitivity to the Lot Areas-Different Land Prices with a Given Infrastructure Level
			10.6.3.2 Lot Cost Sensitivity to the Lot Area-Different Infrastructure Levels with a Given Land Price
			10.6.3.3 Quantitative Analysis and Optimization: Universal Applicability in Layout Planning and Design
		10.6.4 Converting Quantitative Analysis Model to an Optimization Model: Assessing Land Price Utility-Networks-Cost Interaction...
		10.6.5 Comparing Results of Quantitative Analysis Model and Optimization Model
	10.7 Quantitative Analysis of Layout Planning Modules Using Computers and Graphics
	10.8 Optimization of Layout Planning Modules Using Mathematical Programming Techniques, Computers, and Graphics
		10.8.1 Universal Optimization Models for any Rectilinear Shape Layout Planning Module
			10.8.1.1 Adjacency Conditions and Optimality of Layout Planning Modules
	10.9 Optimization Models for Layout Planning and Design
		10.9.1 A Least-Cost Optimal Layout Design Model
			10.9.1.1 Model Solution
		10.9.2 A Most-Benefit Optimal Layout Design Model
			10.9.2.1 Model Solution
		10.9.3 Calibration of the Least-Cost and Most-Benefit Optimal Design Models
	10.10 Application of the Least-Cost and Most-Benefit Optimal Design Models
	10.11 Illustrative Numerical Application Examples of Computer-Aided Layout Planning and Design by Optimization
		10.11.1 Least-Cost Design
			10.11.1.1 Context: A-Low-Income Countries
			10.11.1.2 Context: B-Middle/High-Income Countries
		10.11.2 Most-Benefit Design
			10.11.2.1 Context: A-Low-Income Countries
			10.11.2.2 Context: B-Middle/High-Income Countries
		10.11.3 Discussion of Applications Example Results
		10.11.4 Typology of Optimization Models in Layout Planning and Design by Optimization
	10.12 Integration of Numerical Analysis and Graphics in Layout Planning and Design by Optimization
		10.12.1 Illustrative Application Example: Integrated Computer-Aided Layout Design by Optimization for Least-Cost
	10.13 Universal Applicability of Quantitative Analysis and Optimization in AEC Operations including Layout Planning and Design...
	10.14 Closure
Chapter 11: Integrated Computer-Aided Dwelling-Layout Systems Design by Optimization
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Dwelling-Layout Systems Design Process
	11.3 Module Concept in Dwelling-Layout Systems Design
	11.4 Typology of Optimizing Models for Dwelling-Layout Systems Design
		11.4.1 Single-Family Dwelling-Layout System
		11.4.2 Multi-family Dwelling-Layout System
	11.5 Developing Model(s) for Optimal Design of Dwelling-Layout Systems
		11.5.1 Single-Family Dwelling-Layout Systems
			11.5.1.1 Unit Design Module Cost Coefficients for Layout Forming Part of the Dwelling-Layout System
			11.5.1.2 Unit Design Module Cost Coefficients for Dwelling Forming Part of the Dwelling-Layout System
			11.5.1.3 Combined Unit Design Module Cost Coefficients for the Single-Family Dwelling-Layout System
		11.5.2 Multi-family Dwelling-Layout Systems
			11.5.2.1 Deriving Dwelling Unit Design Module Coefficients: Multi-family Dwelling-Layout System
			11.5.2.2 Cost Coefficients and Cost Functions in Multi-family Dwelling-Layout Systems Optimization
	11.6 Single-Family Dwelling-Layout System Design: An Example Least-Cost Optimizing Model (LCO)
		11.6.1 Model Solution
	11.7 Single-Family Dwelling-Layout System Design: An Example Most-Benefit Optimizing Model (MBO)
		11.7.1 Model Solution
	11.8 Multi-family Dwelling-Layout System Design: An Example Least-Cost Optimizing Model (LCO)
	11.9 Multi-family Dwelling-Layout System: An Example of Most-Benefit Optimizing Model (MBO)
		11.9.1 Model Solution
	11.10 Models Calibration and Computer-Aided Design of Dwelling-Layout Systems by Optimization, Using C++ Programs DLSF.CPP and...
	11.11 Single-Family Dwelling-Layout Systems Design by Optimization
		11.11.1 Application Examples of Least-Cost Design: Single-Family
			11.11.1.1 Context-A: Low-Middle-Income Countries
			11.11.1.2 Context-B: High-Income Countries
			11.11.1.3 Single-Family Dwelling with Fixed Lot SIZE-Room-Arrangement Matrix and Optimization
		11.11.2 Application Examples of Most-Benefit-Design: Single-Family
			11.11.2.1 Context-A: Middle/Low-Income Countries-Single-Family
			11.11.2.2 Context-B: High-Income Countries
	11.12 Multi-family Dwelling-Layout Systems Design by Optimization
		11.12.1 Application Examples of Least-Cost Design: Multi-family
			11.12.1.1 Context-A: Middle/Low-Income Countries-Multi-family
			11.12.1.2 Context-B: High-Income Countries-Multi-family
				Developing an Integrated CAD by Optimization Software for Dwelling-Layout System
		11.12.2 Application Examples of Most-Benefit-Design: Multi-family
	11.13 Sensitivity Analysis of Planning and Design Decisions to Derive an Optimal Solution in a Site-Specific Case
		11.13.1 Application Examples: Context-A-Middle/Low-Income Countries
	11.14 Integrated Numeric-Analysis-Graphics in Dwelling-Layout System Design by Optimization for Resource-Efficient Problem Sol...
	11.15 Closure
References
Index