Instrument and automation engineers' handbook. Volume I, Measurement and safety

Content: General ConsiderationsAccuracy and RangeabilityBinary Logic DiagramsCalibrationConfiguring Intelligent Field DevicesEvaluation of Instrument QualityInstrument InstallationRedundant and Voting SystemsSoft SensorsTerminology for Automation and TestingUncertaintyFlow MeasurementApplication and SelectionApplications: Abrasive, Corrosive, Slurry, ViscousApplications: Bidirectional Flow MetersApplications: Multiphase Crude Oil MeteringApplications: Multiphase and Subsea Flow MetersAnemometersBTU Flow Measurement: Fuel GasBTU Flow MeasurementCross-Correlation Flow MeteringElbow MetersFlow SwitchesFlow Meter Calibration and MaintenanceInstallation of d/p TransmittersLaminar Flow MetersMagnetic Flow MetersMass Flow Meters: CoriolisMass Flow Meters: Indirect and TurbineMass Flow Meters: ThermalMetering PumpsOil and Gas-Custody Transfer Measurements and CalculationsOrificesPaddle Flow SwitchesPitot and Area-Averaging TubesPositive-Displacement Gas Flow MetersPositive-Displacement Liquid Meters and ProversPurge Flow RegulatorsSegmental Wedge Flow MeterSight Flow IndicatorsSolids Flow Meters and FeedersTarget MetersTurbine and Other Rotary Element Flow MetersUltrasonic Flow MetersVariable Area, Gap, and Vane Flow MetersVenturi, Proprietary Tubes, and Flow NozzlesVortex and Fluidic Flow MetersV-Shaped Cone Flow ElementsWeirs and FlumesLevel MeasurementSelection of Level DetectorsInstallation ConsiderationsApplications: Interface, Foam, Boiling ServicesApplications: Non-Contacting, Non-PenetratingApplications: Tank Gauges for Oil and GasApplications: Water Level Measurement in Nuclear ReactorsBubblersCapacitance and Radio Frequency (RF) AdmittanceConductivity and Field-Effect Level SwitchesDiaphragm Level DetectorsDifferential Pressure Level DetectorsDisplacer Type Level DetectorsFloat Level DevicesLaser Level SensorsLevel Gauges, Including MagneticMagnetostrictive Level TransmittersMicrowave Level SwitchesOptical and IR Level SwitchesRadar, Contact Level Sensors (TDR, GWR, and PDS)RadarRadiation Level SensorsResistance TapesRotating Paddle SwitchesTank Farm Gauges for Custody Transfer (ATG) and for Solids Level Detection DesignsThermal Dispersion Level SensorsUltrasonic Level DetectorsVibrating Level SwitchesTemperature MeasurementSelection of Temperature SensorsApplications: Cryogenic Temperature MeasurementApplications: High TemperatureBimetallic ThermometersCalibrators and SimulatorsCones, Crayons, Labels, Paints, and PelletsFilled-Bulb and Glass-Stem ThermometersIntegrated Circuitry (IC) Transistors and DiodesMiscellaneous Temperature SensorsOptical Fiber Thermometers (OFT)PyrometersResistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)Temperature Switches and ThermostatsThermistorsThermocouplesThermowells, Design and InstallationUltrasonic ThermometersPressure MeasurementSelection and Application of Pressure DetectorsAccessories (Seals, Snubbers, Calibrators, Manifolds)Bellows Type Pressure SensorsBourdon and Helical Pressure SensorsDiaphragm or Capsule-Type SensorsDifferential Pressure InstrumentsElectronic Pressure SensorsHigh-Pressure SensorsManometersPneumatic Repeaters and BoostersPressure and Differential Pressure SwitchesPressure GaugesPressure ScannersVacuum SensorsDensity MeasurementDensity Applications and SelectionDisplacement and Float-Type DensitometersGas DensitometersHydrometersHydrostatic DensitometersCoriolis DensitometersRadiation DensitometersUltrasonic Sludge Slurry DensitometersVibrating DensitometersWeighing DensitometersMiscellaneous MeasurementBuilding Optimization SensorsCorrosion MonitoringElectric Energy Management: Demand SheddingElectric Meters Amps, Ohms, Volts, WattsLeak DetectorsMachine Vision TechnologyMetal DetectorsNoise Sensors and Nondestructive TestingNuclear Reactor MeasurementsPipe Integrity Gauges, \"PIGs\"Position Measurement and PositionersProximity Sensors and Limit SwitchesSolar Collector PositioningTachometers and Angular Speed DetectorsThickness and Dimension MeasurementTorque and Force MeasurementTransportation-Related SensorsVibration, Shock, and AccelerationVisual Inspection Tools, BoroscopesWeather StationsWeight Detectors, Load CellsWeighing Systems: General ConsiderationsSafety MeasurementAnnunciators and Alarms ManagementElectrical and Intrinsic SafetyExcess Flow and Regular Check ValvesExplosion Proofing of InstrumentationExplosion Suppression and Deluge SystemsFlame Arrestors, Conservation Vents, and Emergency VentsFlame, Fire, and Smoke DetectorsNuclear Radiation DetectorsOffshore Oil Industry Safety AutomationRelief Valves: Determination of Required CapacityRelief Valves: Sizing, Specification, and InstallationRupture DisksSafety: 3-Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima AccidentsTransmittersTransmitters: ElectronicTransmitters: Fiber-OpticTransmitters: PneumaticTransmitters: Smart, MultivariableTransmitters: WirelessAppendixFlow Sheet Symbols and IdentificationsConversion among UnitsDefinitions: Measurement-Related TermsDefinitions: Abbreviations, Acronyms, and SymbolsDefinitions: Abbreviated Organization NamesSteam and Water TablesFriction Loss in PipesTank VolumesChemical Compatibility of MaterialsComposition and Properties of Metallic and Other Materials