Insect Mechanics and Control, Volume 34: Advances in Insect Physiology

cover.jpg......Page 1
Contributors......Page 2
Introduction......Page 4
Medium Flow-Sensing Hairs: Biomechanics and Models......Page 7
Introduction: medium flow-sensing hairs in the animal kingdom......Page 8
Torsional restoring constant S and damping constant R......Page 10
Lever system......Page 11
Surface and mass......Page 13
Coupling of dendrite(s)......Page 14
Hair length and boundary layer thickness......Page 15
Hair arrays......Page 17
Hair motion physical-mathematical models......Page 21
Single hairs: physically exact and approximate model approaches......Page 22
Physically exact model......Page 23
Physically approximate model......Page 31
Hair suspension: torsional restoring constant S and damping constant R......Page 34
Model validation: comparison between measurements and calculations......Page 37
Validation of the physically exact model......Page 38
Validation of the physically approximate model......Page 40
Hair arrays: the question of viscosity-mediated coupling......Page 42
Medium contributions to hair inertia and damping and to flow-induced forces......Page 46
Physically approximate model findings......Page 49
Physically exact model findings......Page 51
Hair length, diameter, and surface area......Page 57
Boundary layer thickness......Page 58
Optimal hair sensitivity and selectivity occur at similar frequencies......Page 59
Motion sensing in air and in water......Page 60
Modelling filiform hair responses to natural flows......Page 64
Evolution through selective pressures on different parameters......Page 67
Motivation and applications......Page 69
Enabling materials and fabrication technologies......Page 70
Some practical considerations......Page 74
Notation (dimensions in SI units)......Page 75
Acknowledgements......Page 78
References......Page 79
Determination of the frequency corresponding to the maximum slope of the maximum angular velocity of an oscillating hair......Page 83
Filiform hair response to a transient pulsating boundary layer flow9......Page 84
Smooth Attachment Devices in Insects: Functional Morphology and Biomechanics......Page 87
Two functional types of insect attachment pads......Page 88
Evolution......Page 89
Ultrastructure......Page 92
Surface pattern......Page 94
Passive and active pads......Page 95
Elasticity......Page 96
Viscoelasticity......Page 98
Spring model......Page 99
Basic physical forces contributing to adhesion......Page 101
Dependence on material stiffness......Page 102
Size effects......Page 104
Frictional properties......Page 105
Role in adhesion......Page 108
Adaptation to fractal surfaces due to hierarchical organisation......Page 110
Soft in compression - strong in tension......Page 111
Role of the thin surface layer......Page 112
Comparison to other animal groups......Page 113
‘‘Sandwich’’ adhesives......Page 114
Surface wrinkles......Page 115
Acknowledgements......Page 116
References......Page 117
The Integument of Water-walking Arthropods: Form and Function......Page 122
Introduction......Page 123
Surface tension......Page 125
Weight support......Page 129
Capillary attraction......Page 133
Propulsion......Page 135
Wetting......Page 136
The contact angle......Page 137
Surface roughening......Page 138
Contact angle hysteresis......Page 144
Water-repellency......Page 147
Composition......Page 149
Morphology......Page 150
Stability......Page 158
Water- and rain-proofing......Page 162
Plastron respiration......Page 166
Clasping the free surface......Page 170
Drag reduction and thrust generation......Page 172
Imaging techniques......Page 174
Scanning electron microscopy......Page 175
Optical microscopy......Page 178
Scanning probe microscopy......Page 181
Discussion......Page 182
References......Page 186
Mechanosensory Feedback in Walking: From Joint Control to Locomotor Patterns......Page 198
Introduction......Page 199
Mechanosensory feedback signals......Page 200
The control of posture......Page 204
Mechanosensory control of walking......Page 206
Organization of neural networks controlling single-leg stepping......Page 209
Specificity of sensory-motor influences......Page 214
Mechanosensory signals in inter-leg coordination......Page 216
Changing walking speed......Page 218
Changing walking direction......Page 221
Turning......Page 223
Conclusions......Page 226
References......Page 227
Sensory Systems and Flight Stability: What do Insects Measure and Why?......Page 236
Introduction......Page 237
Mechanics of flight......Page 239
Feedback control......Page 240
Significance of visual sensing......Page 242
Reflexes for gaze stabilisation......Page 243
Optic flow and self-motion......Page 244
Analysis of directional motion information......Page 247
Ambiguity of local motion information......Page 249
Organisation of the motion-vision pathways......Page 250
Directionally selective lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs)......Page 251
Horizontal system (HS) and vertical system (VS) output LPTCs......Page 252
HS- and VS-cells estimate optic flow parameters......Page 255
Adaptation and gain control in LPTCs......Page 258
What information do output LPTCs provide?......Page 260
Organisation of the ocellar pathways......Page 261
Ocellar neurons spatially integrate changes in light intensity......Page 262
What information do the ocelli provide?......Page 263
Fusion of inputs from the compound eyes and ocelli......Page 264
Role of the antennae......Page 265
Antennal anatomy......Page 266
The antennal positioning reaction......Page 269
Antennal oscillations......Page 271
A hypothesis of antennal function......Page 273
Role of wind-sensitive hairs......Page 277
Anatomy and physiology of the cephalic wind-sensitive hairs......Page 278
Function of the cephalic hairs......Page 279
What do the cephalic hairs measure?......Page 282
Significance of inertial sensing......Page 283
Role of the halteres......Page 284
Anatomy and physiology of the halteres......Page 286
Function of the halteres......Page 287
What do the halteres measure?......Page 289
Haltere analogues......Page 290
Significance of load sensing......Page 291
Anatomy of the wing campaniform sensilla......Page 292
What do the wing campaniform sensilla measure?......Page 293
Insects sense disturbances, not absolutes......Page 294
Insect sensory systems are tuned to specific directions of motion......Page 297
Insects sense composite, multi-modal quantities......Page 300
The natural-mode sensing hypothesis......Page 302
Acknowledgements......Page 306
References......Page 307
The Biomechanics of Chewing and Plant Fracture: Mechanisms and Implications......Page 322
Introduction......Page 323
Accessing nutrients in plants......Page 325
Terminology......Page 329
Morphology and fracture......Page 333
Mandible morphology and its relation to host plant anatomy......Page 335
Mandible morphology, particle size and nutrient assimilation......Page 339
Phenotypic plasticity......Page 341
Mandible movement......Page 342
Integration of mandibular movement during feeding......Page 346
Changes in feeding behaviour with ontogeny......Page 351
Neural control of mandibular movements......Page 355
Relationship between chewing rate and meal size......Page 357
Behavioural plasticity......Page 358
Metabolic cost of chewing......Page 359
Mandible wear......Page 360
Conclusions......Page 362
References......Page 366
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