Insect conservation a global synthesis

Cover......Page 1
 Insect ConservationA Global Synthesis......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Biosketch......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
 Acknowledgements......Page 15
  Copyright permission obtained from:......Page 16
  Lots and lots of them …......Page 18
  Current insect extinction rates......Page 20
  Current threats to insects......Page 21
  Threatening processes to insects......Page 25
  Extinction of interactions......Page 27
  Food web change......Page 28
  The precautionary principle......Page 29
  Valuing insects......Page 30
 1.5 Challenges for Insect Conservation......Page 32
  Questions to ask when setting insect conservation goals......Page 34
  Retrospective analysis......Page 36
  Conservation of an ecosystem service or insect species?......Page 37
  Contingency planning for the most adverse environmental conditions......Page 39
  Contingency planning in a changing world......Page 40
  Rapid climate change as a prime concern......Page 42
  Conservation triage as a conceptual tool......Page 43
 1.10 Global Versus Local Issues......Page 44
  Importance of the meso-filter in insect conservation......Page 45
 1.12 Ecological and Evolutionary Dimensions......Page 46
 1.13 Rescuing the Extinction of Experience......Page 48
 Key Points......Page 49
 2.2 Historic Versus Transformed States......Page 51
 2.4 Conceptual Framework for Landscape-scale Insect Conservation......Page 54
 2.6 Future Landscape Planning for Insect Conservation......Page 56
  Historical effects of topography on insects......Page 59
  Topographic nestedness......Page 61
  Oceanic islands and dynamic topography......Page 63
  The colonization of oceanic islands by insects......Page 64
  Insect species radiation on oceanic islands......Page 65
  Insect conservation on oceanic islands......Page 67
  Insect conservation on land islands......Page 69
 Key Points......Page 71
 3.1 Landscape Descriptors......Page 73
 3.2 Quality of Descriptors and Changes with Time......Page 74
 3.3 Patch Size Distribution and Dynamics in Insect Conservation......Page 75
 3.4 Connectivity and Insect Conservation......Page 80
 3.5 Functions of Corridors......Page 82
 3.6 Eco-evolutionary Island Biogeography......Page 86
 3.7 Patch Perimeter-to-Area Ratio and Insect Conservation......Page 89
 3.8 Boundary Form and Insect Conservation......Page 90
 3.9 Patch Orientation and Insect Conservation......Page 92
 3.10 Landscape Element Contrast and Insect Conservation......Page 93
 3.11 Landscape Context and Insect Conservation......Page 96
 Key Points......Page 100
 4.1 The Operational Scale of the Species......Page 102
 4.2 Concepts and Challenges at the Species Level......Page 105
 4.4 Revenant Species......Page 112
 4.5 Threatened Species......Page 113
 4.6 Relict and Endemic Species......Page 115
 4.7 Important Ecological Associations Between Insects and Resources......Page 120
 4.8 Ecosystem Engineers and Functionally Important Species......Page 123
 4.9 Flagship Species......Page 124
 Key Points......Page 126
 5.3 Feedback Loop Between Species and the Landscape......Page 130
  Our natural preference for certain insect species......Page 131
  Prioritization and red-listing......Page 133
  Insect population assessments......Page 135
 5.5 Multi-species Insect Conservation......Page 137
  The species level, or the sub-specific level, as the conservation unit?......Page 138
  What should we conserve: basal groups or evolutionary opportunities?......Page 140
  Insect species conservation and the taxonomic circle......Page 141
  Insect species and the landscape......Page 142
  Understanding the nuances and subtleties of our species......Page 145
  Subtleties associated with insect species conservation......Page 146
  Recognizing synergistic threats......Page 147
  Recognizing what benefits an insect species and what does not......Page 148
 5.8 Strategic Planning for Insect Species Conservation......Page 149
 5.9 Maintaining Genetic Viability......Page 151
 5.10 Demographic Rescue......Page 154
 5.11 Building in Resilience to Global Climate Change......Page 157
 5.12 Citizen Science and Insect Conservation......Page 163
 5.13 Edible Insect Species......Page 164
 Key Points......Page 166
  Production and conservation......Page 169
  Increasing severity of human impact across the landscape......Page 170
  Agricultural intensification......Page 172
  Arable and woody crops......Page 174
 6.3 The Land-sharing–Land-sparing Spectrum......Page 176
 6.4 Climate and Weather, and Resilience of Insect Populations......Page 177
 6.5 Linking Biodiversity Conservation to Ecosystem Function......Page 179
 6.6 Agri-environment Schemes......Page 181
 6.7 Organic Farming......Page 183
 6.8 Spatial Aspects of Agroecology for Pollination Services......Page 186
 6.9 Spatial Aspects of Agroecology for Various Insects......Page 189
 6.10 Integrated Pest Management......Page 192
 6.11 Opportunities and Risks of Biological Control......Page 195
 6.12 Genetically Modified Organisms......Page 198
 Key Points......Page 199
 7.1 Tropical Forest Insect Diversity......Page 202
 7.2 Threats to Tropical Forest Insects......Page 205
 7.3 Plantation Forestry in the Tropics......Page 209
 7.4 Forest Insect Diversity at Higher Latitudes......Page 211
 7.5 Plantation Forestry at Higher Latitudes......Page 220
 7.6 Fragmentation of Grassland Systems......Page 221
 7.7 Indigenous Mammal Grazing and Insect Conservation......Page 225
 7.8 Livestock Grazing and Insect Conservation......Page 226
 7.9 Insect Species, Traits, Management, and Diversity......Page 229
 7.10 Other Disturbance Factors and Grassland Insects......Page 231
 7.11 The Paradox Around Insect Conservation in Grassland......Page 232
 7.12 Fire and Insect Conservation......Page 233
 7.13 Cave Ecosystems......Page 237
 Key Points......Page 239
  Importance of dispersal among aquatic insects......Page 243
  Types of water bodies......Page 244
  Natural dynamics and aquatic insect habitats......Page 246
  River dynamics and insect occupation......Page 247
  Effect of mammal activity on aquatic insects......Page 248
  Impact by dragonflies on terrestrial insects......Page 249
  Threats to aquatic insects......Page 250
  Pollution impacts on aquatic insects......Page 251
  Invasive aliens......Page 252
  Effect of drought......Page 253
  Effect of global climate change on aquatic insects......Page 254
  Waterscape perspectives......Page 256
  Maintaining the river continuum......Page 258
  Significance of the toposcape......Page 259
  Other impacts on rivers......Page 260
  Sunny conditions versus alien trees......Page 263
  Significance of lakes and ponds......Page 265
  Insect diversity in lakes versus ponds......Page 267
  Pond permanence......Page 268
  Impacts on ponds......Page 269
  Stormwater ponds......Page 270
  Mining pools......Page 271
  Ponds associated with other land uses......Page 272
  Bogs......Page 273
 8.10 Epiphytes......Page 274
 8.11 Saline Systems......Page 275
  People and dragonflies......Page 276
  Eating aquatic insects......Page 278
 Key Points......Page 279
 9.1 The Process of Urbanization......Page 282
  Parallels and differences between urban and agroforestry environments......Page 284
  Chemical pollution......Page 286
  Light pollution......Page 288
  Electromagnetic radiation impacts on insects......Page 289
  Noise pollution......Page 290
  Road impacts......Page 291
 9.3 Natural/Rural–Urban Gradients......Page 292
  Anthropovicariance in cities......Page 296
 9.4 Insect Extinctions Over Time in Urban Environments......Page 297
  Railway edges......Page 298
  Some key factors associated with greenspace......Page 299
  Freshwater......Page 302
  Green roofs......Page 305
  Lawns......Page 307
  Insect gardening......Page 308
  Butterfly houses......Page 309
 9.6 The Psychological and Educational Benefits of Urban Insects......Page 310
 9.7 Insights for Developing Better Insect-Friendly Cities......Page 311
 Key Points......Page 313
 10.1 Principles of Restoration Ecology......Page 315
 10.2 Persistent and Emerging Themes in Restoration Ecology......Page 320
 10.3 Related Approaches to Restoration Ecology......Page 323
  Invasive alien plants......Page 324
 10.5 Restoring Insect Services......Page 326
 10.6 Restoring Forest Insects......Page 330
  Activities for restoring insect assemblages......Page 331
  Insect species restoration......Page 336
  Running water......Page 338
  Still water......Page 340
 10.9 Restoration and Climate Change......Page 341
 Key Points......Page 342
  Global assessments of protected areas......Page 346
  Global assessments of biodiversity......Page 347
  The Aichi Biodiversity Targets......Page 349
  Global species-focused protocols......Page 351
  IUCN Green List of Species......Page 353
  Assessment of insects in natural systems......Page 354
  Assessment of insects in novel landscapes......Page 356
  Identifying insects for inventorying......Page 358
  Inventorying insect species for conservation action......Page 360
  Principles of insect mapping......Page 362
  Mapping insect movement in other contexts......Page 365
 Key Points......Page 367
  Principles......Page 370
  Surrogacy in conservation planning......Page 371
  Insect surrogates......Page 372
  Vertebrate surrogates......Page 376
  Plant surrogates......Page 378
  Importance of supplementary environmental surrogates......Page 381
  Insect surrogates and climate change......Page 384
  Final thoughts on surrogates......Page 386
  Principles of bioindication......Page 387
  Application of insect bioindicators......Page 389
  Aquatic insect bioindicators of freshwater......Page 392
  Terrestrial insects as bioindicators......Page 394
  Principles of insect monitoring......Page 395
  Monitoring aquatic insects......Page 397
  Monitoring terrestrial flagship insect species and species groups......Page 401
 Key Points......Page 402
 13.1 Global Insect Population Decline and Loss......Page 405
 13.2 Valuing Nature and its Insects......Page 406
 13.4 Actioning Insect Conservation......Page 407
 Key Points......Page 410
 Glossary......Page 412
References......Page 438
Index......Page 550
Back Cover......Page 559