Insect bioecology and nutrition for integrated pest management

Insect Bioecology And Nutrition For Integrated Pest Management......Page 1
Insect Bioecology And Nutrition For Integrated Pest Management......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 6
Preface......Page 9
References......Page 10
Editors......Page 11
Contributors......Page 12
Part I General Aspects......Page 15
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2.3 Food Consumption, Digestion, And Utilization......Page 17
1.2.4.2 Food And Chemical Ecology......Page 18
1.3.2 Feeding Habits Of Phytophagous Insects......Page 19
1.3.4 Feeding Habits Of Hematophogous Insects......Page 20
1.5 Insect Bioecology, Nutrition, And Integrated Pest Management......Page 21
References......Page 22
Contents......Page 25
2.1 Introduction......Page 26
2.2 Nutritional Indices For Measuring Food Intake And Utilization......Page 28
2.2.2 Quantity Of Food Consumed......Page 29
2.2.3 Weight Gains By The Insect......Page 30
2.3.5 Efficiency Of Conversion Of Digested Food......Page 31
2.3.6 Approximate Digestibility  Ad......Page 33
2.4.2.1 Colorimetric Methods......Page 35
2.4.2.3 Uric Acid Method......Page 36
2.4.2.6 Calorimetric Method......Page 37
2.5 Comparison Of Methods......Page 40
2.7 Food Consumption And Use For Growth In The Larval Phase......Page 42
2.7.1 Number Of Instars......Page 45
2.7.3 Food Intake And Utilization Through Instars......Page 47
2.8.1 Food Quality......Page 48
2.8.2 Food Selection And Acceptance......Page 50
2.8.3 The Role Of Allelochemicals......Page 51
2.9 Final Considerations......Page 53
References......Page 54
Contents......Page 62
3.1 the Importance of Rearing Insects in the Laboratory......Page 63
3.2 History of Artificial Diets......Page 66
3.3.3 Maintaining Populations on artificial Diets......Page 70
3.3.6 Mass rearing......Page 71
3.4 terminology Used in Artificial Diets......Page 72
3.5 General Principles of nutrition......Page 73
3.6 types of Artificial Diets......Page 74
3.7.1 Feeding Habits......Page 75
3.7.2 Types of Mouthparts......Page 76
3.7.2.1 Mouthparts of Adult and Immature Insects......Page 77
3.8.2 Chemical Stimuli......Page 78
3.9.1.1 Amino Acids......Page 79
3.9.1.2 Vitamins......Page 80
3.9.1.4 Carbohydrates......Page 81
3.9.1.8 Water......Page 82
3.9.3 Symbionts......Page 83
3.10.1 general Components......Page 84
3.10.2 adult requirements......Page 85
3.11 Rearing techniques......Page 87
3.12 sequence for Preparing an Artificial Diet......Page 88
3.14.1 room for Diet Preparation......Page 90
3.14.3 room for larval Development......Page 91
3.15 How to Begin an Artificial Diet......Page 92
3.16 evaluation of Artificial Diets......Page 93
3.18 the Future of Artificial Diets......Page 96
ReFeRenCes......Page 97
5.1 Introduction......Page 131
5.2 Development of Plants and Insects in Geologic time......Page 132
5.3 History of Plant?Insect Interactions and theories on evolution......Page 133
5.3.1 Theory of Coevolution......Page 134
5.4 Plant Perspective......Page 135
5.4.2 Cost of Defense in Plants......Page 138
5.5.1 Avoiding Host Plant Defenses......Page 139
5.5.2 Metabolizing and Sequestering Plant Toxins......Page 140
5.6 Herbivore Generalists and specialists......Page 141
5.7 the tertiary trophic Level......Page 142
5.7.1 Effects of Abiotic Factors in Tritrophic Interactions......Page 143
5.8 Final Considerations......Page 145
ReFeRenCes......Page 146
6.1 Introduction......Page 154
6.2.1 Fungus-growing Insects......Page 155
6.2.1.2 Ant Subfamily Myrmicinae?attine......Page 156
6.3 Internal Symbionts......Page 157
6.3.2 Secondary Symbionts......Page 158
6.3.3 Symbionts In Heteroptera......Page 159
6.4.1 Buchnera......Page 162
6.4.2 Wigglesworthia......Page 163
6.4.4 Sitophilus Oryzae Primary Endosymbiont sope......Page 164
References......Page 165
7.1 Introduction......Page 172
7.2 Mechanisms For Host Search In Insects......Page 173
7.3.1 Plant?herbivore Interactions......Page 174
7.3.1.1 Constitutive Volatiles And Plant?herbivore Interactions......Page 175
7.3.1.2 Induced Volatiles And Plant?herbivore Interactions......Page 176
7.3.1.3 The Effect Of Plant Volatiles On Insect Pheromone Emission......Page 177
7.3.2.2 Induced Volatiles And Plant?herbivore?natural Enemies......Page 178
7.4 Final Considerations......Page 180
References......Page 181
8.1 Introduction......Page 185
8.2.2 Food Availability And Quality......Page 187
8.2.3 Population Density......Page 190
8.2.4 Victim Availability......Page 191
8.3.1.1 Benefits......Page 192
8.3.1.2 Costs And Related Strategies......Page 193
8.3.2.1 Effects On The Population Dynamics......Page 194
8.4 Behavior Selection......Page 195
8.5 Final Considerations......Page 197
References......Page 198
9.1 Introduction......Page 203
9.2 Starvation And Dietary Stress Effects On Entomopathogenic Diseases......Page 204
9.3.2 The Gut Environment And Bacterial Diseases......Page 205
9.4.2 The Gut Environment And Viral Disease Interactions......Page 207
9.5.1 Preinfection Interactions Between The Host Plant And Fungal Mycopathogens......Page 208
9.6 Host Plant Effects On Diseases Caused By Nematodes......Page 209
9.7 Assimilated Compounds And Disease Interactions......Page 210
9.10 Nutritional Implications On Entomopathogenic Diseases In Insect Mass Rearing......Page 211
References......Page 212
Part II Specific Aspects......Page 218
10.1 Introduction......Page 219
10.2 Ant Guilds And Aspects About Their Nutritional Biology......Page 220
10.3.1.1.2 Medium-sized......Page 222
10.3.2 Specialists......Page 223
10.3.2.2.1 Species With Static Pressure Mandibles......Page 224
10.3.2.2.2 Species With Kinetic Mandibles......Page 225
10.3.4 Generalists......Page 226
10.3.4.1 Generalized Myrmicines......Page 227
10.3.4.3 Small-sized Hypogaeic Generalist Foragers......Page 228
10.3.5.2 Litter-nesting Fungus Growers......Page 229
10.3.7 Dominant Arboreal Ants Associated Withcarbohydrate-rich Resources Or Domatia......Page 230
10.3.8 Pollen-feeding Arboreal Ants......Page 231
10.4 Concluding Remarks: From Trophic Guilds To Applied Myrmecology......Page 232
References......Page 234
11.1 Introduction......Page 243
11.2.1 Physical Factors And Temporal Partitioning Of Foraging Activity......Page 244
11.2.2 Niche Width And Floral Resources Allocation......Page 245
11.2.3 Floral Constancy, Load Capacity, And Foraging Strategies......Page 249
11.3.1 Caste Determination And Differentiation In Bombini......Page 254
11.3.2 Caste Determination And Differentiation In Apini......Page 255
11.3.3 Caste Determination And Differentiation In Meliponini......Page 256
11.4 Larval Food In Meliponini......Page 257
11.6.1 Honey Microscopy......Page 258
11.6.2 Honey In Apini......Page 259
11.6.3.1 How To Exploit Meliponini Honey......Page 260
11.6.3.2 Antibacterial Activities......Page 264
11.6.4 Honey Microorganisms......Page 265
11.7 Final Considerations......Page 268
References......Page 269
12.2 Evolution Of Feeding Habits......Page 278
12.3 Morphology and General Biology of the Caterpillars......Page 279
12.3.2 Food Perception......Page 281
12.4.1 Acceptability, Performance, And Preference......Page 283
12.4.1.1.2 Physical Structure And Associated Microfauna......Page 285
12.4.2 Competition And Food Deprivation......Page 286
12.4.4 Dispersal......Page 287
12.4.6 Feeding Periods......Page 288
12.5 Tritrophic Relationships: Presence Of Natural Enemies......Page 290
References......Page 292
13.1 Introduction......Page 299
13.2.1 Nutritional Composition......Page 300
13.2.3 Physical And Structural Aspects......Page 301
13.3.1 Feeding ingestion, Digestion, Excretion, And Food Utilization......Page 302
13.3.3 Oviposition......Page 306
13.3.4 Nymph Development......Page 307
13.3.5 Dispersal Of Nymphs And Adults And Host Plant Choice......Page 308
13.3.6 Natural Enemies And Defense......Page 311
13.4.1.1 Nymphs......Page 312
13.4.1.2 Adults......Page 313
13.4.3 Impact Of Nymph-to-adult Food Switch On Adult Performance......Page 314
13.5.2 Humidity......Page 316
13.6 Adaptations And Responses Of Heteropterans Tochanges In Favorability Of The Environment......Page 317
13.7 Final Considerations......Page 318
References......Page 319
14.1 Introduction......Page 329
14.2 Distribution, Taxonomy, And Morphological Adaptations......Page 331
14.3 Host Plant Specificity......Page 333
14.4 Seed Availability Over Time......Page 336
14.5 Physical And Chemical Defenses Of Fruits And Seeds......Page 337
14.6 Obtaining Energy......Page 338
14.7 Oviposition Behavior......Page 339
14.8 Larval And Pupal Development......Page 342
14.10 Predation Rate And Viability Of Predated Seeds......Page 344
14.11 Reproductive Performance, Diapause, And Dispersal......Page 346
14.12.1 Parasitoids......Page 348
References......Page 350
15.1 Introduction......Page 357
15.2 Roots As A Food Source......Page 359
15.3 Morphological And Biological Features Of Melolonthidians......Page 360
15.4.1 Localization And Selection Of Host Plant By Rhizophagous Insects......Page 363
15.4.2 Food Exploration By Rhizophagous Melolonthidians......Page 364
15.5 Impact Of Environmental Factors On Foodexploration And Performance Of Larvae......Page 365
15.6 Insect Adaptations And Responses To Variations In Abiotic And Biotic Factors......Page 366
References......Page 368
16.1 Introduction......Page 373
16.2 Herbivore Insect Guilds......Page 374
16.3.1 Hemiptera......Page 376
16.3.3 Coleoptera......Page 378
16.3.5 Lepidoptera......Page 379
16.3.6 Diptera......Page 380
16.5 Location And Choice Of The Host Plant......Page 381
16.6 Gall Morphology......Page 383
16.7 Gall Anatomy And Physiology......Page 385
16.8 Gall Development......Page 387
16.9 Gall Classification......Page 389
16.10 Adaptive Significance......Page 391
References......Page 393
17.1 Introduction......Page 401
17.2.1 Detritus Abundance......Page 402
17.2.2 Detritus Distribution......Page 404
17.2.3 Detritus Use......Page 405
17.2.5 Population And Community Consequences Of Detritus Use......Page 406
17.3.1 Adaptations To Access Nutrients In Low Availability......Page 407
17.3.2 Adaptations For Use Of High-availability Detritusthat Is Unpredictable In Space And Time......Page 409
17.4 Mutualisms Between Insects And Microorganisms:role Of Coprophagy In Detritus Use......Page 410
17.5.1 Leaf Litter Decomposition Rates......Page 411
17.5.2 Waste Removal And Related Functions......Page 412
17.5.3 Biological Control Of Other Detritivores......Page 413
References......Page 414
18.1 Introduction......Page 420
18.3 Storage Ecosystem......Page 421
18.4 Major Stored Grain Pests: Feeding Habits And Damage Caused......Page 423
18.5 Mouthparts, Digestive And Excretory Systems......Page 427
18.6 Food And Nutrition Characteristics......Page 428
18.7.1 Stimuli For Oviposition......Page 429
18.7.3 Nutritional Requirements......Page 430
18.7.4 Digestive Enzymes......Page 433
18.7.5 Nutrient Budget And Relative Growth Rate......Page 435
18.8 Physiological And Behavioral Adaptations To food And Environmental Changes......Page 437
18.9 Applications And Perspectives For Stored Pest Management......Page 438
18.9.2 Plant Resistance And Bioactive Compounds......Page 439
18.9.2.2 Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 440
18.9.2.3 Bioactive Compounds......Page 441
18.9.3 Biological Control......Page 443
18.9.5 Lignocellulosic Biofuels......Page 445
References......Page 446
19.1 Introduction......Page 454
19.2 Fruit Flies Foodstuffs......Page 455
19.3 Nutrition......Page 456
19.3.1 Proteins......Page 457
19.3.2 Carbohydrates......Page 459
19.3.4 Vitamins And Mineral Salts......Page 460
19.4 Abiotic Factors......Page 461
19.6 Feeding......Page 462
19.7 Behavior......Page 464
19.8 Applicability And Conclusions......Page 467
References......Page 470
Contents......Page 476
20.2 Evolutionary Aspects And Distribution......Page 477
20.3.1 Structure And Function Of Mouthparts......Page 478
20.3.2 Structure Of Digestive Tract......Page 479
20.4 Nutritional Physiology......Page 480
20.4.1 Host Location And Acceptance......Page 481
20.4.2 Feeding Strategies And Host Plant Condition......Page 483
20.4.3 Phloem Feeding......Page 484
20.4.4 Food Intake Mechanisms And Saliva Composition......Page 485
20.4.5 Food Constituents And Digestive Enzymes......Page 487
20.4.6.1 Amino Acids......Page 490
20.4.7 Feeding Rate And Nutritional Budget......Page 491
20.4.8.1 Development Rate......Page 495
20.4.8.3 Survival Rate......Page 496
20.4.8.4 Changes In Intrinsic Rate Of Natural Increase......Page 497
20.4.10 Symbionts......Page 499
20.5.2 Secondary Compounds......Page 501
20.7 Electrical Penetration Graph And Aphid Feeding......Page 502
20.8 Perspectives For Ipm......Page 505
20.8.2 Biological Control......Page 506
20.8.3 Physical And Chemical Traits In Plant Resistance......Page 507
20.9 Final Considerations......Page 508
References......Page 509
21.1 Introduction......Page 517
21.2 Parasitoid Development Strategies......Page 518
21.3.1 Koinobionts......Page 519
21.3.2 Idiobionts......Page 520
21.4.2 Larva......Page 521
21.4.3 Pupa......Page 522
21.5 Effect Of First Trophic Level In Host?parasitoid Interactions......Page 523
21.6 How Parasitoids Deal With Host Restrictions......Page 524
21.7 Nutrition Of Adult Parasitoids......Page 532
References......Page 533
22.1 Introduction......Page 541
22.2.2 Feeding Behavior And Prey Digestion......Page 544
22.2.3.1.1 Family Anthocoridae......Page 546
22.2.3.1.3 Family Nabidae......Page 547
22.2.3.2.1 Family Pentatomidae......Page 548
22.3.1 Influence Of Food On Development And Reproduction......Page 549
22.3.2 Influence Of Food Quality On Mass Rearing Of Predatory Heteroptera......Page 550
22.4.1 Within Trophic Level Relationships: Cannibalism......Page 553
22.4.2 Within Trophic Level Relationships: Intraguild Predation......Page 554
22.4.3 Predator?plant Interactions......Page 556
22.5 Habitat Choice And Distribution Of Predatory Heteroptera......Page 560
22.6 Predatory Heteroptera Used In Commercial Biological Control......Page 561
References......Page 563
23.1 Introduction......Page 572
23.2 Evolution, Taxonomy, And Morphology......Page 573
23.3.1 Postembryonic Development......Page 575
23.4 Food Selection......Page 577
23.4.1 Food Specificity......Page 578
23.4.2 Food Quality......Page 580
23.4.3 Food Preferences......Page 581
23.6 Cannibalism......Page 582
23.7 Intraguild Competition......Page 583
23.8 Adaptations And Responses To Variations In Abiotic And Biotic Factors......Page 584
23.9 Natural Enemies......Page 585
23.10 Conclusions And Suggestions For Research......Page 586
References......Page 587
Contents......Page 593
24.1 Introduction......Page 594
24.1.1 Taxonomic Considerations......Page 595
24.2.1 Natural Diet Of Lacewings......Page 596
24.2.1.1 Nonpredaceous Adults......Page 597
24.2.1.4 Larval Consumption Of Prey And Efficiency Of Food Conversion......Page 598
24.2.2 Nutritional Requirements And Artificial Diets......Page 599
24.2.2.2 Adult Nutritional Requirements......Page 600
24.3.1 Larval Digestive System......Page 601
24.3.2.1 Search, Contact, And Recognition Of Prey......Page 604
24.3.2.3 Prey Consumption......Page 605
24.3.3.1 Internal Anatomy......Page 606
24.3.3.2.1 Nonpredaceous Adults......Page 607
24.3.3.3 Association With Symbiotic Yeast......Page 608
24.3.4 Adult Feeding Behavior......Page 609
24.3.4.2 Attraction To Plant Volatiles......Page 610
24.3.4.3.1 Long-distance Attraction......Page 611
24.4 Effects Of Food On Lacewing Performance......Page 612
24.4.2 Interactions With Host Plant Of Prey......Page 613
24.4.3 Food And Reproduction......Page 615
24.5.1 Degree Of Prey Specificity......Page 617
24.6.1.2 Rationale......Page 618
24.6.3.1 Recommendation......Page 619
24.6.4.2 Rationale......Page 620
References......Page 621
25.1 Introduction......Page 632
25.2.1 Psychodidae phlebotominae......Page 633
25.2.2 Culicidae......Page 634
25.2.3 Simuliidae......Page 639
25.2.4 Ceratopogonidae......Page 640
25.2.5 Tabanidae......Page 641
25.2.6 Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, And Calliphoridae......Page 642
25.3 Siphonaptera......Page 643
25.4.2 Triatominae......Page 644
25.6 Final Considerations......Page 646
References......Page 647
Part III Applied Aspects......Page 654
26.1 Introduction......Page 655
26.2.1 Stages In Host Selection......Page 656
26.2.2 Evolution Of Insect?plant Interactions......Page 658
26.3 Morphological Resistance And Insect Bioecology And Nutrition......Page 659
26.3.1.1 Silicon......Page 660
26.3.1.2 Lignin......Page 662
26.3.2 Epicuticular Waxes......Page 663
26.3.3 Pilosity Of Epidermis......Page 664
26.4.1.2 Phagodeterrents......Page 665
26.4.2 Antibiotic Factors......Page 667
26.5 Biotechnology And Resistance Of Plants To Insects......Page 668
26.5.1 Lectins......Page 669
26.5.2 Enzymatic Inhibitors......Page 671
26.5.2.1 Protease Inhibitors......Page 672
26.5.2.2 α-Amylase Inhibitors......Page 673
26.5.2.3 Bifunctional Inhibitors......Page 674
References......Page 675
27.1 Introduction......Page 684
27.2.2 Plant Diversity And Stability......Page 685
27.2.3.1 Host Plant Resistance......Page 686
27.2.3.2 Trap Crops......Page 687
27.2.3.4 Functional Allelochemicals......Page 688
27.3.1.1 Host Plant Resistance......Page 689
27.3.1.3 Managing Mixed Crops To Mitigate Heteropterans’ Impact On Soybean......Page 690
27.3.1.4 Use Of Substances That Interfere With Feeding Processto Reduce Heteropterans’ Impact On Soybean......Page 691
27.3.2.1 Host Plant Sequences......Page 692
27.3.2.3 Manipulation Of Preferred Host Plants As Traps......Page 693
27.3.2.4 Role Of Less Preferred Plant Food Sources......Page 694
27.3.3.1 Managing Crop Residues......Page 695
27.4 Conclusions......Page 696
References......Page 697
Index......Page 702