Inorganic Geochemistry: Applications to Petroleum Geology

Inorganic Geochemistry: Applications to Petroleum Geology......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 11
1.1 Background......Page 13
1.3 What is in this book......Page 14
1.4 Overview......Page 16
1.5 What is not in this book......Page 17
2.2.1 Introduction......Page 19
2.2.2 Sample preparation......Page 20
2.2.3 Mineral identification and differentiation of detrital grains from diagenetic cements......Page 21
2.2.4 Mineralogical quantification......Page 28
2.2.5 Mineral paragenesis......Page 29
2.2.6 Porosity description......Page 30
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 32
2.3.2 Analytical techniques......Page 33
2.3.4 Applications of CL......Page 34
2.5.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.5.3 Applications of emission mode SEM......Page 39
2.6.1 Introduction......Page 42
2.6.2 Sample preparation......Page 43
2.7.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.7.2 Sample preparation......Page 45
2.7.3 Applications of XRD......Page 46
2.8.3 Applications of TG-EWA......Page 48
2.9.2 Analytical techniques......Page 49
2.9.3 Applications of PIA......Page 50
3.1 Introduction......Page 53
3.2 Relationship to host mineral......Page 55
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 58
3.3.2 Melting temperatures of solid phases......Page 59
3.3.3 Homogenization temperatures......Page 60
3.3.4 Data collection - precision and accuracy......Page 63
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 64
3.4.2 Stretching and leakage - a terminal problem?......Page 65
3.4.3 Pressure corrections: can we and should we?......Page 71
3.4.4 Example 1: calcite filled fractures, Little Knife Field, North Dakota......Page 72
3.5.1 Introduction......Page 75
3.5.2 Laser Raman spectroscopy......Page 76
3.5.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy......Page 78
3.5.4 Ultraviolet fluorescence......Page 79
3.6.1 Introduction......Page 80
3.6.2 Isolation of a fluid sample......Page 81
3.6.3 Gas chromatography......Page 82
3.6.4 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry......Page 83
4.1 Introduction......Page 85
4.2.1 Terminology......Page 86
4.2.2 Isotope fractionation......Page 87
4.2.3 Isotope geothermometry......Page 88
4.2.4 Analytical methods......Page 89
4.2.5 Data interpretation: general problems......Page 90
4.3.1 Water......Page 91
4.3.2 Silicates......Page 95
4.3.3 Example 1: quartz cement in a Pennsylvanian sandstone, West Tuscola Field, north-central Texas......Page 100
4.3.4 Example 2: illite cement in fluvial sandstone, Brent Group, Northern North Sea......Page 101
4.3.5 Carbonates......Page 102
4.4.1 Principles......Page 105
4.4.2 Example 3: calcite cement in a Miocene carbonate reservoir, Liuhua Field, Pearl River Mouth Basin, offshore China......Page 107
4.5.1 Principles......Page 109
4.5.2 Example 4: thermochemical sulphate reduction in a carbonate reservoir, deep Foothills region, Alberta, Canada......Page 112
5.1 Introduction......Page 113
5.2 Radiogenic isotope systems......Page 114
5.3.2 Analytical methods: precision and accuracy......Page 116
5.3.3 Assumptions......Page 117
5.3.4 Example 1: illite cement in aeolian sandstone, Rotliegend Group, Southern North Sea......Page 120
5.3.5 Example 2: illite cement in fluvial sandstone, Brent Group, Northern North Sea......Page 123
5.3.6 Example 3: K-feldspar cement, offshore Angola......Page 125
5.4.1 Principles......Page 126
5.4.2 Example 4: chlorite cement, Triassic, Central North Sea......Page 128
5.4.3 Example 5: illite cement in aeolian sandstone, Rotliegend Group, Southern North Sea......Page 129
5.4.4 Example 6: K-feldspar overgrowths......Page 130
5.5.2 Analytical methods......Page 131
5.5.3 Rb-Sr dating of clay minerals......Page 132
5.5.4 Example 7: illite cement in aeolian sandstone, Rotliegend Group, Southern North Sea......Page 133
5.5.5 Sr isotope stratigraphy......Page 134
5.5.7 Tracing the origin of Sr in subsurface fluids......Page 136
5.6 The Sm-Nd system......Page 137
5.7 U-Th-Pb dating of carbonates......Page 139
6.1 Introduction......Page 141
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 143
6.2.2 Geological background......Page 144
6.2.3 Approach......Page 146
6.2.4 Establishing a relationship between permeability and depth......Page 147
6.2.6 Conclusions......Page 149
6.3.1 Introduction......Page 150
6.3.3 Approach......Page 151
6.3.4 Quantitative mineralogy: controls on reservoir quality......Page 153
6.3.5 Conditions of mineral cement growth......Page 155
6.3.6 Prediction of Tight Zone thickness......Page 157
6.3.7 Conclusions......Page 158
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 159
6.4.2 Geological background......Page 160
6.4.4 Petrography and isotopic composition of kaolinites......Page 161
6.5.1 Introduction......Page 163
6.5.3 Approach......Page 165
6.5.4 Controls on porosity and relationship of cementation to oil filling......Page 166
6.5.5 Conclusions......Page 167
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 168
6.6.4 Geochemistry of fracture fills I - fluid inclusions......Page 172
6.6.5 Geochemistry of fracture fills II - stable and radiogenic isotopes......Page 175
6.6.6 Conclusions......Page 176
6.7.3 Approach......Page 177
6.7.4 Image analysis of Forties Formation sandstones......Page 178
6.7.5 Conclusions......Page 180
7.1 Introduction......Page 183
7.2.2 Geological background......Page 184
7.2.4 Fluid inclusions: petrography, microthermometry and GCMS analysis......Page 186
7.3.2 Conditions and cause of celestite precipitation......Page 188
7.3.3 Simulation of celestite precipitation......Page 189
7.3.4 Conclusions......Page 190
7.4.2 Geological background......Page 191
7.4.3 Fluid inclusions in ferroan calcite cement......Page 192
7.4.4 Conclusions......Page 193
7.5.2 Geological background......Page 194
7.5.4 Petrography, K-Ar illite ages and dolomite stable isotope ratios......Page 195
7.5.5 Conclusions......Page 198
8.1 Introduction......Page 199
8.2 Stratigraphic correlation......Page 201
8.3 Lithological and reservoir property correlation......Page 203
8.4.3 Approach......Page 205
8.4.4 Strontium isotope ages......Page 209
8.4.5 Conclusions......Page 210
8.5.3 Approach......Page 211
8.5.4 Oxygen isotope stratigraphy......Page 213
8.6.2 Geological background......Page 214
8.6.3 Approach......Page 215
8.6.4 Isotopic analyses of chalk and residual salts......Page 216
8.7.1 Introduction......Page 218
8.7.2 Geological background......Page 219
8.7.4 Sm-Nd isotopic correlation......Page 220
8.7.5 Conclusions......Page 223
9.1 Introduction......Page 225
9.2 Secondary recovery......Page 226
9.3 Enhanced oil recovery......Page 227
9.4 Production of corrosive fluids......Page 228
9.5.2 Geological background......Page 229
9.5.4 Chemical and isotopic analyses of produced fluids......Page 230
9.6.1 Introduction......Page 232
9.6.3 Approach......Page 233
9.6.4 Chemical and isotopic analyses of produced fluids......Page 234
9.7.1 Introduction......Page 237
9.7.3 Approach......Page 238
9.7.4 Petrographic and isotopic investigations of steam-induced reactions......Page 239
9.7.5 Conclusions......Page 240
9.8.3 Approach......Page 241
9.8.5 Conclusions......Page 242
References......Page 243
Index......Page 257