Inorganic Chemistry for IIT JEE main and advanced McGraw Hill Education Rajni Garg Randhir Singh

Author......Page 3
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 23
1.1 Introduction......Page 27
1.2 Rutherford Scattering Experiment......Page 28
1.3 Planck’s Quantum Theory of Radiation......Page 29
1.4 Photoelectric Effect......Page 30
1.5 Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen......Page 31
1.6 Bohr’s Model of the Atom......Page 32
1.7 Sommerfeld’s Extension of Bohr’s Atomic Model......Page 38
1.8 Dual Character of Matter......Page 40
1.9 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle......Page 42
1.10 Compton Effect......Page 43
1.11 Schrodinger Wave Equation......Page 44
1.12 Quantum Numbers......Page 50
1.13 Probability Distribution Curves......Page 53
1.14 Rules for Filling of Orbitals and Electronic Configuration of Elements......Page 55
Summary......Page 60
Solved Examples......Page 61
Exercises......Page 64
2.1 Nucleus......Page 67
2.2 Composition of the Nucleus......Page 68
2.3 Nuclear Forces......Page 71
2.4 Nuclear Stability......Page 73
2.5 Nuclear Models......Page 76
2.6 Nuclear Reactions......Page 78
2.7 Radioactivity......Page 87
2.8 Radioactive Disintegration......Page 88
2.9 Law of Successive Disintegration: Radioactive Equilibrium......Page 89
2.10 Soddy-Fajans and Russel Group Displacement Law......Page 90
2.11 Artificial Radioactivity......Page 91
2.12 Applications of Radioactive Isotopes......Page 92
Summary......Page 95
Solved Examples......Page 96
Exercises......Page 99
3.1 Introduction......Page 102
3.2 Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond......Page 103
3.3 Covalent Bond (Lewis-Langmuir Concept)......Page 106
3.4 Dipole Moment......Page 112
3.5 Coordinate Covalent Bond or Dative Bond......Page 113
3.6 Van der Waals’ Forces or Intermolecular Forces......Page 114
3.7 Hydrogen Bond......Page 116
3.8 Orbital Overlap Theory......Page 120
3.9 Molecular Orbital Theory......Page 130
3.10 Metallic Bond......Page 157
3.11 Hybridisation......Page 162
3.12 Sidgwick – Powell Theory......Page 176
3.13 Valence Shell Electron-pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR theory)......Page 177
3.14 Shapes of Some Common Molecules......Page 178
3.15 Linnett Double Quartet Theory (LDQ Theory)—Modification of Lewis Longmuir Octet Theory......Page 188
3.16 Resonance......Page 192
Summary......Page 195
Solved Examples......Page 196
Exercises......Page 197
4.1 Introduction......Page 202
4.2 Symmetry Element......Page 203
4.3 Multiplication of Symmetry Operations......Page 209
4.4 Mathematical Group......Page 210
4.5 Matrix Representation of Symmetry Operations......Page 219
4.6 Terms Symbols of Diatomic Molecules......Page 233
4.7 Applications of Group Theory......Page 237
4.8 Structure of Soilds......Page 263
Summary......Page 310
Solved Examples......Page 311
Exercises......Page 314
5.1 Introduction......Page 318
5.2 Electrochemical Cell......Page 319
5.3 Kinetics of Redox Reactions......Page 326
5.4 Redox Reactions in Aqueous Systems......Page 328
5.5 Diagrammatic Representation of Potential Data......Page 334
Summary......Page 342
Solved Examples......Page 343
Exercises......Page 345
6.1 Introduction......Page 348
6.2 Classification of Solvents......Page 351
6.3 Liquid Ammonia......Page 352
6.4 Liquid Sulphur Dioxide......Page 363
6.5 Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride......Page 369
6.6 Anhydrous Sulphuric Acid......Page 372
6.7 Acetic Acid......Page 376
6.8 Liquid Dinitrogen Tetroxide, N2O4......Page 377
6.9 Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids......Page 380
6.10 Concept of Acid – Base......Page 383
6.11 Acid Strength Behaviour in the Periodic Table......Page 398
Summary......Page 401
Solved Examples......Page 402
Exercises......Page 406
7. Extraction of Elements......Page 410
7.2 Occurrence of Elements......Page 411
7.3 Metallurgy......Page 412
7.4 Purification of Impure Metals or Refining......Page 418
7.5 Thermodynamics of the Metallurgy: Ellingham Diagram......Page 419
Summary......Page 423
Solved Examples......Page 424
Exercises......Page 425
8.1 Introduction......Page 427
8.3 Modern Periodic Law and Periodicity......Page 428
8.4 Long form of Periodic Table......Page 429
8.5 Periodic Properties......Page 434
8.6 Shielding or Screening Effect......Page 453
Summary......Page 456
Solved Examples......Page 457
Exercises......Page 461
9.1 Introduction......Page 464
9.2 Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table......Page 466
9.3 Occurrence and Production of Hydrogen......Page 467
9.4 Physical Properties of Hydrogen......Page 468
9.5 Chemical Properties of Hydrogen......Page 469
9.6 Uses of Hydrogen......Page 470
9.7 Different Forms of Hydrogen......Page 471
9.8 Spin Isomers of Hydrogen......Page 473
9.9 Isotopes of Hydrogen......Page 474
9.10 Compounds of Hydrogen......Page 477
9.11 Water H2O......Page 482
9.12 Heavy Water (D2O)......Page 483
Summary......Page 485
Solved Examples......Page 486
Exercises......Page 487
10.1 Introduction......Page 491
10.2 General Characteristics of Group I Elements......Page 492
10.3 Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals......Page 495
10.4 Lithium (Li)......Page 501
10.5 Sodium (Na)......Page 509
10.6 Potassium (K)......Page 518
10.7 Rubidium, Caesium and Francium......Page 521
Summary......Page 522
Exercises......Page 523
11.1 Introduction......Page 527
11.2 General Characteristics of Group 2 Elements......Page 528
11.3 Chemical Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals......Page 530
11.4 Beryllium (Be)......Page 536
11.5 Magnesium (Mg)......Page 543
11.6 Calcium (Ca)......Page 546
11.7 Strontium (Sr)......Page 550
11.8 Barium (Ba)......Page 551
11.9 Radium (Ra)......Page 552
11.10 Portland Cement......Page 553
Summary......Page 556
Solved Examples......Page 557
Exercises......Page 558
12.1 Introduction......Page 562
12.3 General Physical Properties......Page 563
12.4 Diagonal Relationship between Boron and Silicon......Page 566
12.5 Chemical Properties of Group 13 Elements......Page 567
12.6 Boron......Page 569
12.7 Aluminimum (Al)......Page 598
12.8 Gallium (Ga)......Page 604
12.9 Indium and Thallium (Th)......Page 606
12.10 Comparision of Compounds of Group 13 Elements......Page 609
Summary......Page 611
Exercises......Page 612
13.1 Introduction......Page 615
13.2 General Properties of Group 14 Elements......Page 616
13.4 Carbon and Silicon—Comparison of Properties......Page 619
13.5 Carbon......Page 620
13.6 Silicon (Si)......Page 644
13.7 Germanium (Ge)......Page 663
13.8 Tin (Sn)......Page 666
13.9 Lead (Pb)......Page 671
13.10 Comparative Account of Compounds of Group 14 Elements 13.37......Page 676
Solved Examples......Page 678
Exercises......Page 679
14.1 Introduction 14.1......Page 683
14.2 General Properties of Group 15 Elements......Page 684
14.3 Chemical Properties of Group 15 Elements......Page 686
14.4 Nitrogen (N)......Page 690
14.5 Phosphorus (P)......Page 721
14.6 Arsenic (As)......Page 740
14.7 Antimony (Sb)......Page 744
14.8 Bismuth (Bi)......Page 747
Solved Examples......Page 750
Exercises......Page 751
15.1 Introduction......Page 754
15.2 General Properties of Group 16 Elements......Page 755
15.3 Anomalous Behaviour of Oxygen......Page 757
15.4 Oxygen (O2)......Page 758
15.5 Sulphur (S2)......Page 764
15.6 Selenium (2Se)......Page 790
15.7 Tellurium (Te)......Page 794
15.9 Comparative Account of Compounds of Group 16 Elements......Page 797
Summary......Page 798
Solved Examples......Page 799
Exercises......Page 800
16.1 Introduction......Page 803
16.2 General Characterisation......Page 804
16.3 Chemical Properties......Page 807
16.4 Fluorine (F)......Page 811
16.5 Chlorine (Cl)......Page 828
16.6 Bromine (Br)......Page 838
16.7 Iodine (I)......Page 841
16.8 Astatine (At)......Page 851
16.9 Interhalogen Compounds......Page 852
16.10 Polyhalides......Page 861
16.11 Pseudohalogens and Pseudohalides......Page 864
Summary......Page 869
Solved Examples......Page 870
Exercises......Page 871
17.1 Introduction......Page 874
17.3 Occurrence and Isolation of Noble Gases......Page 875
17.4 Uses of Noble Gases......Page 878
17.5 Physical Properties......Page 879
17.6 Chemical Properties......Page 881
17.7 Chemistry of Xenon (Xe)......Page 882
17.8 Compounds of Krypton (Krf2)......Page 893
Summary......Page 895
Exercises......Page 896
18.1 Introduction......Page 900
18.2 Classification of d-block Elements......Page 901
18.3 General Characteristic of d-block Elements......Page 903
Solved Examples......Page 911
Exercises......Page 913
19. Chemistry of Elements of 3d Series......Page 916
19.2 Scandium (Sc)......Page 917
19.3 Titanium (Ti)......Page 920
19.4 Vanadium (V2)......Page 927
19.5 Chromium (C2r)......Page 938
19.6 Manganese (Mn)......Page 948
19.7 Iron (Fe)......Page 959
19.8 Cobalt (Co)......Page 975
19.9 Nickel (Ni)......Page 980
19.10 Copper (Cu)......Page 985
19.11 Zinc (Zn)......Page 993
Summary......Page 997
Solved Examples......Page 999
Exercises......Page 1000
20. Chemistry of Elements of 4d Series......Page 1005
20.2 Yttrium (Y)......Page 1006
20.3 Zirconium (Zr)......Page 1007
20.4 Niobium (Nb)......Page 1009
20.5 Molybdenum (Mo)......Page 1014
20.6 Technetium (Tc)......Page 1021
20.7 Ruthenium (Ru)......Page 1023
20.8 Rhodium (Rh)......Page 1026
20.9 Palladium (Pd)......Page 1028
20.10 Silver (Ag)......Page 1031
20.11 Cadmium (Cd)......Page 1035
Summary......Page 1037
Solved Examples......Page 1039
Exercises......Page 1040
21.1 Introduction......Page 1043
21.3 Tantalum (Ta)......Page 1044
21.4 Tungsten (W)......Page 1045
21.5 Rhenium (Re)......Page 1048
21.6 Osmium (Os)......Page 1052
21.7 Iridium (Ir)......Page 1053
21.8 Platinum (Pt)......Page 1056
21.9 Gold (Au)......Page 1060
21.10 Mercury (Hg)......Page 1066
Summary......Page 1072
Solved Examples......Page 1073
Exercises......Page 1074
22.1 Introduction......Page 1076
22.2 Lanthanides......Page 1077
22.3 Lanthanum (La)......Page 1093
22.4 Actinides......Page 1095
22.5 Thorium (Th)......Page 1100
22.6 Uranium (U)......Page 1104
22.7 Plutonium (Pu)......Page 1112
Summary......Page 1115
Solved Examples......Page 1116
Exercises......Page 1117
23. Coordination Compounds-I Basics Concepts: Nomenclature and Stereochemistry......Page 1120
23.1 Introduction......Page 1121
23.2 Important Terms......Page 1122
23.3 Rules for Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds......Page 1127
23.5 Classification of Complexes......Page 1129
23.6 Isomerism......Page 1133
Summary......Page 1143
Solved Examples......Page 1144
Exercises......Page 1146
24.1 Introduction......Page 1150
24.2 Techniques for Study of Complexes......Page 1151
24.3 Theories of Coordination......Page 1153
24.4 Crystal Field Theory (CFT)......Page 1162
24.5 The Ligand Field Theory-Molecular Orbital Theory......Page 1175
Summary......Page 1198
Solved Examples......Page 1199
Exercises......Page 1201
25. Coordination Compounds III: Quantitative Basis of Crystal Field Theory......Page 1205
25.1 Introduction......Page 1206
25.2 Determination of Octahedral Crystal Field Potential......Page 1207
25.3 Determination of Tetragonal Crystal Field Potential......Page 1216
25.4 Determination of Square Planar Crystal-Field Potential......Page 1221
25.5 Determination of Tetrahedral Crystal-Field Potential......Page 1222
25.7 Structural and Thermodynamic Effects of Splitting of Orbitals......Page 1227
25.8 Jahn-Teller Effect (Distortion of Geometry)......Page 1240
Summary......Page 1247
Solved Examples......Page 1248
Exercises......Page 1249
26. Coordination Complexes IV: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds......Page 1252
26.2 Coupling Schemes......Page 1253
26.3 Energy Terms and Energy States......Page 1256
26.4 Electronic Spectra of Transition-Metal Compounds......Page 1267
26.5 Orgel Diagrams......Page 1276
26.6 Racah Parameters......Page 1293
26.7 Terms Correlation Diagrams under the Effect of Weak and Strong Field Effects......Page 1295
26.8 Tanabe-sugano Diagrams (T-S Diagram)......Page 1300
26.9 Charge-Transfer Transitions......Page 1309
26.10 Types of Magnetism......Page 1317
Summary......Page 1342
Solved Examples......Page 1343
Exercises......Page 1344
27. Coordination Compounds – V The Reaction Mechanisms of Transition-Metal Complexes......Page 1348
27.1 Introduction......Page 1349
27.2 Ligand-substitution Reactions......Page 1362
27.3 Oxidation-reduction Reactions in Coordination Compounds......Page 1381
Summary......Page 1389
Solved Examples......Page 1390
Exercises......Page 1391
28.1 Introduction......Page 1395
28.2 Complexes of Carbonyls......Page 1396
28.3 Complexes of Nitric Oxide......Page 1404
28.4 Complexes of Phosphines......Page 1407
28.5 Complexes of Cyanide and Isocyanide Ligands......Page 1409
Solved Examples......Page 1411
Exercises......Page 1412
29.1 Introduction......Page 1415
29.2 Organometallic Compounds of Alkali Metals......Page 1420
29.3 Organometallic Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals......Page 1421
29.4 Organometallics of Group 13 Elements......Page 1423
29.5 Organometallics of Group 14 Elements......Page 1425
29.6 Organometallics of Group 15 Elements......Page 1428
29.7 Organometallic Compounds of Transition Elements......Page 1430
Summary......Page 1447
Solved Examples......Page 1448
Exercises......Page 1450
30.1 Introduction......Page 1453
30.3 Clusters of p-block Elements other than Chalcogens......Page 1454
30.4 Low-valent Metal Clusters......Page 1456
30.5 High-Valent Metal Clusters or Halide-type Clusters......Page 1463
Summary......Page 1470
Solved Examples......Page 1471
Exercises......Page 1472
31.1 Introduction......Page 1475
31.2 General Nomenclature and Formulae of Compounds......Page 1482
Exercises......Page 1491
32.1 Introduction......Page 1494
32.3 General Characteristics of Inorganic Polymers......Page 1495
32.4 Important Inorganic Polymers......Page 1496
Exercises......Page 1536
33.1 Introduction......Page 1538
33.2 Metalloporphyrins......Page 1539
33.3 Cytochromes......Page 1547
33.5 Catalases......Page 1548
33.7 Metallo-enzymes......Page 1549
33.8 Biological Nitrogen Fixation......Page 1553
33.9 Na-K pump......Page 1554
Summary......Page 1556
Exercises......Page 1557
34.1 Introduction......Page 1561
34.2 Air Pollution......Page 1564
34.3 Water Pollution......Page 1585
34.4 Soil Pollution......Page 1594
Summary......Page 1597
Exercises......Page 1598
35. Analytical Chemistry......Page 1599
35.1 Errors......Page 1600
35.2 Detection and Minimisation of Errors......Page 1602
35.3 Precision......Page 1604
35.4 Ways of Expressing Precision......Page 1605
35.5 Analysis of Data by Using Statistical Techniques......Page 1607
35.6 Detecting Outliers......Page 1609
35.7 Significance Tests......Page 1610
35.8 Significant Figures......Page 1611
35.9 Expressing Error or Accuracy of a Measurement......Page 1614
35.10 Error Propagation in Final Results......Page 1615
35.11 Volumetric Analysis......Page 1617
35.12 Preparation of Standard Solution......Page 1619
35.13 Volumetric Methods......Page 1620
Summary......Page 1642
Solved Examples......Page 1643
Exercises......Page 1650
Index......Page 1653