Inoculating Cities: Case Studies of Urban Pandemic Preparedness

Inoculating Cities
Copyright
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction: cities, infectious disease, and the local governance of health security
	References
1. Controlling dengue, an urban pandemic – a case study of Delhi, India
	A brief background on the dengue virus
		Dengue virus serotypes and associated virulence
		Diagnosis and treatment of dengue
		Global distribution of the dengue virus
		The historical and current distributions of dengue in India
	Dengue control in the city of Delhi
		Delhi and its urbanization
		Historical trends of dengue in Delhi
		Spatial distribution of dengue in Delhi
		Delhi’s actions for controlling dengue
	Challenges and next steps for controlling dengue in Delhi
		Preventive actions
		Reactive measures
		Knowledge and awareness
	Conclusions
	References
2. Municipal healthcare delivery special pathogens preparedness and response in the city that never sleeps: the NYC Health + H ...
	NYC urban landscape and constant threat of infectious diseases of public health concern
	The foundation for preparedness: education, training, and exercises
		In-service training
		Mystery patient drills
		Full-scale exercises
	Emergency management approach to infectious disease preparedness and response
		Response to Ebola virus disease
		Response to the Zika virus
		Response to seasonal influenza
		Response to Candida auris
	Responding to the 2018–19 NYC measles outbreak
		Responding to the contagion: the disease
		Responding to the contagion: misinformation
	Conclusion
	References
3. The 2019 measles outbreak in Clark County, Washington
	Background
		Measles
		The Washington State Public Health Emergency Preparedness System
	Methods
	Incident description
	Analysis
		Policy decision-making
		Emergency risk communication
		Outbreak management
		Coordination and communication
	Conclusions
		Data sharing
		Multisector collaboration
		Incident Command System
	Appendix 1. Participants
	Appendix 2. Critical events timeline
	References
4. After-action reviews as a best practice tool for evaluating the response to urban disease outbreaks in Nigeria
	A brief history of after-action reviews
	World Health Organization recommended after-action reviews formats for public health events
	After-action reviews in public health emergency response
	General characteristics and epidemiology of the urban outbreaks
	After-action reviews in outbreak response in Nigerian cities
	Key findings: best practices and recommendations for urban environments
		Standard operating procedures, guidelines, and response plans
		The importance of partnerships and collaborations
		Quality control in laboratory practices
		Supporting systems and tools
	Key findings: limitations and challenges
	Conclusion
	References
5. Developing a more effective locally led response to the HIV epidemic in Blantyre, Malawi
	HIV/AIDS in Malawi
	The Blantyre Prevention Strategy
		Improving surveillance to identify risk and target services
		Improving local governance through better data use for a comprehensive response
		Generating demand for HIV prevention among high-risk populations
		Public-private partnership for public health communications
		Expanding delivery channels and improving coordination to meet demand
		Expanding HIV prevention delivery through private healthcare providers
	Conclusion
	References
6. Building a robust interface between public health authorities and medical institutions in a densely populated city: state-o ...
	Surveillance systems in Japan and the Kawasaki City Infectious Disease Surveillance System
		Systems for information sharing between public health authorities and medical institutions in Kawasaki - lessons from pande ...
		The Kawasaki City Infectious Disease Surveillance System (KIDSS)
		Publication of data from the NESID program
		Real-time surveillance
		Bulletin board
		Reference library
		Factsheets/case definitions
		Syndromic surveillance in schools and nurseries
		Messaging
	Field Epidemiology Training Program-Kawasaki (FETP-K): a human resource development program in Kawasaki City
	Implementation of the Act on Special Measures for Pandemic Influenza and New Infectious Diseases Preparedness and Response
		Simulated table-top exercise for engagement of stakeholders
		Patient management exercises
		Exercise for social distancing measures: IPC at mass gathering events in large facilities
		Pandemic mass vaccination operation model in urban areas
	No-notice mystery patient exercises
	Conclusion
	References
7. Making the case for biopreparedness in frontline hospitals: a Phoenix case study
	The current tiered system in response to special pathogens
		Maintaining preparedness – a vulnerability
	Addressing this vulnerability through a six-hospital system in Phoenix, AZ
		Gap analysis
		Development of a high-consequence disease subcommittee
		Enhanced personal protective equipment kits
		Harnessing the power of the electronic medical records
		Environmental controls
		Network-wide communication
		Training – where to begin?
		An unanticipated real-world drill
	COVID-19 – a test of existing efforts
	References
8. Urban pandemic preparedness in Myanmar: leveraging vertical program capacities and the development of public health emergen ...
	Urban pandemic preparedness context
		Health status and low resource setting
		The urban environment in Myanmar
		Informal population hubs in Myanmar
		Health security in key cities
	Experiences tackling emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
		Vertical programs and experiences in responding to HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis
		Experiences responding to other public health emergencies of international concern in urban areas
	The role of vertical programs and public health emergency operations centers
		Malaria
		Tuberculosis
	Public health emergency operations centers
		The PHEOCs during COVID-19 response through to July 2020
	Conclusions: strengthening Myanmar’s urban pandemic preparedness and lessons for other low and middle-income countries
		Health system strengthening
		Strengthening laboratory and diagnostic facilities
		Human resource capacity building for emergency response
		Public-private partnerships
		Lessons from Myanmar for other LMICs
	References
9. Preparedness through wargaming: Urban Outbreak 2019 and its applicability to America’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic
	Origins of the Urban Outbreak 2019 Wargame
	Areas of research inquiry and scenario considerations
	Game design and player move characteristics
	Key insights and findings
		Insight one: social behaviors matter immensely
		Insight two: every failure in a system impacts every other system
		Insight three: the private sector is vital in response
		Insight four: differences in assuming risk
		Insight five: stovepiping and cultural resistance to change and adaptation
	Lessons learned from Urban Outbreak 2019 and its applicability to America’s COVID-19 response
	Conclusions
	References
10. The adaptability and resilience of cities to major epidemics: a comparison of Sydney and Phoenix subject to a hypothetical  ...
	Cities, populations, and pathogens
	Infectious disease interaction with urban settings
		The genesis of epidemics in populations in cities
		Exposure dynamics relevant to disease spread
		The many infections already within cities
	Operational flexibility and adaptability of cities
	Smallpox
	Case study: Sydney, Australia
		Description and features
		Demographics
		Socioeconomic conditions
		Health system
		Essential and emergency services
		Preparedness
		Vulnerabilities
		Summary: Greater Sydney Area
	Case study: Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
		Description and features
		Demographics
		Socioeconomic conditions
		Health system
		Essential and emergency services
		Preparedness
		Vulnerabilities
		Summary: Phoenix
	Analysis: comparison of the Sydney and Phoenix Areas
	Conclusion
	References
11. The role of the private sector in urban health security
	A whole of society approach for pandemic preparedness and response
	Organizational resilience
	The workplace taking the lead in times of crisis
	The COVID-19 pandemic – a game changer
	The importance of technology in a health crisis
	Pandemic planning beyond the healthcare sector
	Lessons learned in the private sector from SARS
	Best practice principles for global health security planning and response for the private sector
		Duty of care case study: the hospitality industry
		Essential services case study: utilities
		Essential services case study: the retail industry
		Public-private partnership case study: the hotel industry
	Conclusion
	References
12. The health secure city: cities as conquerors of disease
	A new era of urban pandemic preparedness
	The health secure city
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z