Innovative Renewable Waste Conversion Technologies

Preface I
Preface II
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Structure of the Energy Produced from Renewable Sources
	Abstract
	1 General Aspects
	2 RES Potential Territorial Spreading and Variability
	3 Evolutionary Trend Analysis
	4 Discussions
	5 Comparative Analysis to Other European Union Countries
	6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
2 The Matrix of Energy Biofuels
	Abstract
	1 Biofuels Definition
	2 Biomass Used in E.U. For Energy Generation
	3 Conclusions
	Bibliography
3 The Technological Matrix for the Efficient Use of Biofuels
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Matrix of Efficient Biofuel Combustion Technologies
	3 Condensation and Cogeneration Power Plants for Biomass
	References
4 Combined Combustion Required for Energy Fuels
	Abstract
	1 The Need to Use Fuel Mixtures
	2 Thermo-Gas-Dynamic Criteria for a Sure Ignition and an Efficient Combustion in a Furnace
		2.1 General Considerations
		2.2 Fuel Ignition
			2.2.1 Gaseous Fuels
			2.2.2 Solid Fuels
			2.2.3 Liquid Fuels
			2.2.4 Ignition Stability
			2.2.5 Thermal Load
		2.3 Theoretical Combustion Temperature
		2.4 Temperature at the End of the Furnace
	3 Low Calorific Value of Biofuel Blends
	4 Biofuels that Require Co-Firing with Other Fuels or Biofuels
		4.1 Solid Biofuels
		4.2 Liquid Biofuels
		4.3 Gaseous Biofuels
	5 Conclusions
	Bibliography
5 Experimental Tests on the Combustion of Animal Fats
	Abstract
	1 Considerations for Combustion of Pulverized Drops of Fat
	2 Energy Characteristics of Animal Fats
	3 Experimental Research on Animal Fat Burning
		3.1 The Experimental Installation
		3.2 Conditions for Realized Laboratory Experiments
		3.3 Results of Experimental Laboratory Research for the Combustion of Liquid Fuel Lightly Mixed with Bovine Fat
		3.4 Results of Experimental Laboratory Research on the Combustion of Light Liquid Fuel Mixed with Swine Animal Fat
	4 Interpretation of the Results Obtained from Experimental Research
		4.1 Results Obtained by Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Different Dosages of Bovine Animal Fat Using Spray Nozzle with Diameter d = 0.50 mm
		4.2 Results Obtained by Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Different Dosages of Bovine Animal Fat Using the Spray Nozzle with Diameter d1 = 0.85 mm
		4.3 Results Obtained by Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Different Dosages of Swine Animal Fat Using a Spray Nozzle with a Diameter d1 = 0.85 mm
		4.4 Conclusions of Experimental Research
	5 Dynamics of Combustion of the Mixture of Light Liquid Hydrocarbons with Animal Fats Obtained by Mathematical Modeling
		5.1 Geometric Configuration of the Installation Optimized
		5.2 Setting the Boundary Conditions and the Simulation Range for the Boiler
		5.3 Results Obtained for Simulating the Combustion Process for Light Liquid Hydrocarbons
		5.4 Results Obtained for Simulating the Process of Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Bovine Animal Fats
		5.5 Results Obtained in Simulating the Process of Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Swine Animal Fats
		5.6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
6 Combustion of Biogas Obtained by Anaerobic Fermentation of Animal Proteins
	Abstract
	1 Achievement of an Anaerobic Digester for Animal Protein
	2 Energy Characteristics
	3 Combustion Characteristics
	4 Applied Research on Biogas Combustion Performance
		4.1 Experimental Equipment
		4.2 Kinetic Combustion of Biogas
		4.3 Diffuse Combustion of the Analyzed Biogas
	5 Conclusions on the Experiments
	Bibliography
7 Feasibility and Experimental Study of Cogeneration Plant Using Wood Biomass Gasification Process
	Abstract
	1 Overview of the Forest Biomass Potential in Europe
	2 Simultaneous Production of Thermal and Electric Energy (Cogeneration) Through Biomass Gasification Process
		2.1 General Information
		2.2 General Information of Large Scale Biomass Gasification System
		2.3 Technology Overview
			2.3.1 Biomass Processing Unit
			2.3.2 Dryer
			2.3.3 Gasifier
			2.3.4 Syngas Treatment System
			2.3.5 Steam and Water Treatment
			2.3.6 Syngas Combustion Process
		2.4 Electricity and Thermal Energy Production
	3 Conclusions
	Bibliography
8 Design and Experimental Testing of a Horizontal Flame Burner for Agricultural Waste Pellets
	Abstract
	1 General Aspects
	2 Constructive-Functional Conception for Horizontal Flame Pellet Burner
	3 Burner Design
	4 Modeling the Aerodynamic Process to the Burner Function
	5 Burner Operation Tests
	6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
9 Experimental Research of Combustion of Poultry Manure
	Abstract
	1 Introductory Aspects
	2 General Context
	3 Combustion Technology Selection
	4 Conclusions
	Bibliography
10 Waste Heat Recovery from Boilers and Furnaces Running on Biomass Waste Products
	Abstract
	1 Introduction in Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Biomass-Fired Boilers and Furnaces
		1.1 Waste Heat Recovery for Preheating of Combustion Air
		1.2 Waste Heat Recovery for Heating of Water
		1.3 Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
		1.4 The Popularity of Biofuels
		1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass
	2 Industrial Applications of Waste Heat Recovery Systems
		2.1 Economizers for Boilers
		2.2 Installation for Recovery of Combustible Wood Waste
	3 Conclusions
	Bibliography
11 Solutions for Polluting Emissions Reduction in Internal Combustion Engines
	Abstract
	1 Pollutant Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines
		1.1 Formation of Pollutant Emissions and Their Effects
	2 Alternative Fuels Use as Method to Reduce the Pollutant Emissions and GHG
		2.1 Hydrogen Use at the Internal Combustion Engines
			2.1.1 Potential of Hydrogen Use
			2.1.2 Properties of Hydrogen
			2.1.3 Peculiarities of Hydrogen Combustion in the Internal Combustion Engine
			2.1.4 Solutions for Hydrogen Fueling of Internal Combustion Engines
			2.1.5 Theoretical and Experimental Research on the Hydrogen Use as Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines
				Use of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel to the Spark Ignition Engine (SIE)
				Use of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel to CIE
		2.2 Alcohols Use at the Internal Combustion Engines
			2.2.1 Alcohols Properties and Their Implications on the Internal Combustion Engines Operation
			2.2.2 Bioethanol Use at the Spark Ignition Engines Fueling
			2.2.3 Methanol Use at the Diesel Engines Fueling
		2.3 Gaseous Fuels Use at the Internal Combustion Engines
			2.3.1 General Considerations on Gaseous Fuels
			2.3.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Interest
	3 Conclusions
		3.1 Conclusions on Hydrogen Use
		3.2 Conclusions on Alcohols Use
		3.3 Conclusions on LPG Use
	Bibliography
12 Technologies for Energy Production from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Residues
	Abstract
	1 Technologies for Energy Utilization of Straw
		1.1 Technologies and Equipment
		1.2 Environmental Aspects
	2 Technologies for Collection and Energy Utilization of Corn Residues (Stalks, Cobs)
	3 Technologies for Collection and Energy Utilization of Sunflower Residues (Stalks, Husk)
	4 Energy and Ecological Life-Cycle Analysis of Corn By-Products Energy Usage
		4.1 Methodology for Assessing Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Bioenergy Technologies
		4.2 Energy Analysis of the Use of Corn Residues in Bales, Pellets and Briquettes for Thermal Energy Production
		4.3 Ecological Analysis of the Use of Corn By-Products in Bales, Pellets, and Briquettes for Thermal Energy Production
	5 Roadmap for Bioenergy Development in Ukraine Until 2050
		5.1 Goal, Time frame, and Benchmarks of the Roadmap
		5.2 Biomass Potential in Ukraine and Its Estimation Until 2050
		5.3 Suggested Use of Bioenergy Potential by Types of Biomass and Obtained Energy Carrier Until 2050
		5.4 Biofuels in the Sectors of Heat Production, Power Production and Transport
		5.5 Envisaged Bioenergy Equipment to Be Introduced Until 2050
		5.6 Assessment of Investments Required for Implementing Roadmap Until 2050
		5.7 Roadmap Summary
	6 Conclusions
	Bibliography
13 Purification of Waste Oils from the Transport Industry Through Nanotechnology
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Current State of the Valorization by Burning of Waste Oil from Romania and the Physico-chemical Characteristics of Waste Oil
	3 Technologies for the Purification of Waste Oils Filtered Nanostructured Materials
	4 Adsorption Capacity Modeling Study for the Purification of Waste Oils
	5 Methods and Determinations Regarding the Amount of Metal in the Used Oil
	6 Prerequisites
	7 Use of Bentonites in the Purification of Waste Oils from the Transport Industry
		7.1 General Aspects
		7.2 Experimental Research
		7.3 Research on the Combustion of Waste Oils Purified by Adsorption in Bentonite
	8 Transfer of Waste Oil Purification Technology to an Industrial Installation
	9 Conclusions
	Bibliography
14 Environmental Impact and Risk Analysis of the Implementation of Cogeneration Power Plants Through Biomass Processing
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Environmental Analysis
	3 Risk Assessment
		3.1 Performance and Technology-Related Risks
		3.2 Completion Risk
		3.3 Operations and Routine Maintenance Risk
		3.4 Power Sales-Related Risks to the Owner/Lender
		3.5 Fuel Supply Risk
		3.6 Site-Related Risks
		3.7 Water-Related Issues
	4 Conclusions
	Bibliography
15 Informatics Applications for Efficient Exploitation of Forestry Fund
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Informatics’ Applications for Efficient Exploitation of Forestry Fund
		2.1 Renewable Energy Resources and Their Potential
	3 Sustainable Management of the Forest Fund by Operating the Integrated Information Tracking System
		3.1 General Considerations
		3.2 Protection and Conservation of Forest Ecosystems
		3.3 Economic and Legislative Context for the Implementation and Use of the Information Application Agent Summary
	4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
16 The Staged Combustion of Meat-and-Bone Meal: The Characteristics of Conversion Sub-processes and Large-Scale Process Outputs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Steps Towards Development of Staged Combustion Technology
	2 Physicochemical Characterization of Meat-and-Bone Meal
	3 Properties of Mineral Fraction of Animal Meal
	4 Sub-processes of Thermal Conversion
		4.1 Drying
		4.2 Pyrolysis
			4.2.1 Release of Volatile Compounds
			4.2.2 Thermal Effect of Decomposition
		4.3 Combustion of Volatiles
			4.3.1 Combustion Time
			4.3.2 Temperature of Combustion
			4.3.3 Mass Burning Rate of Volatiles—Determination of Kinetic Constants
		4.4 Combustion of Char
			4.4.1 Combustion Time
			4.4.2 Temperature of Combustion
			4.4.3 Mass Burning Rate of Char—Determination of Kinetic Constants
	5 Staged Combustion of MBM
		5.1 Combustion System Details
		5.2 Operation of a 12 MW Pilot-Scale Installation
			5.2.1 Thermal Performance of the System
			5.2.2 Combustibles in Ash
			5.2.3 Emission Levels
	6 Conclusions and Future Development Prospects
	Bibliography
Index