Innovative Developments of Advanced Multifunctional Nanocomposites in Civil and Structural Engineering

Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles......Page 2
The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 13
Part I Nanofiber production......Page 17
1.2 Principles of electrostatic atomization......Page 19
1.3.1 Operating modes......Page 21
1.3.2 Output limitations and recent developments......Page 25
1.3.3 Viscosity limitations and recent developments......Page 27
1.4.1 Principle of operation......Page 28
1.4.2 Operating regimes and limits......Page 29
1.4.3 Strategies for further development......Page 35
1.5 References......Page 36
2.1.1 Tissue engineering concept......Page 38
2.1.2 Scaffolds for tissue engineering......Page 40
2.1.3 Scaffold fabrication and electrospinning procedure......Page 43
2.2.1 Polymeric nanofibers......Page 44
2.2.2 Protein nanofibers......Page 45
2.3.1 Porosity and pore size distribution......Page 46
2.3.2 Morphology and fiber diameter distribution......Page 47
2.3.3 Tensile properties......Page 49
2.4 Cell - scaffold interaction......Page 52
2.4.1 Co- electrospinning effect......Page 53
2.4.2 Size effect......Page 55
2.4.3 Architecture effect......Page 57
2.5 Summary and conclusion......Page 58
2.7 References......Page 59
3.2 Using electrospun nanofibers: background and terminology......Page 61
3.3 Controlling fiber orientation......Page 64
3.4 Producing noncontinuous or short yarns......Page 65
3.4.1 Rotating collector method......Page 66
3.4.2 Gap alignment method......Page 67
3.5 Producing continuous yarns......Page 68
3.5.1 Rotating dual- collector yarn......Page 70
3.5.3 Core- spun yarn......Page 71
3.5.6 Self- assembled yarn......Page 72
3.5.8 Spin- bath collector yarn......Page 74
3.5.10 Grooved belt collector yarn......Page 76
3.5.12 Gap-separated rotating rod yarn......Page 78
3.5.13 Conjugate electrospinning yarn......Page 80
3.6 Summary and future trends......Page 82
3.7 Sources of further information and advice......Page 83
3.8 References......Page 84
4.2 The electrospinning process......Page 87
4.3 Properties of electrospun nanofibers......Page 89
4.4.1 Viscosity of nylon 6,6 polymer solutions......Page 91
4.4.3 Web morphology......Page 92
4.5 Improving the properties of electrospun nanofibers: experimental results......Page 93
4.5.1 Viscosity of nylon 6,6 solutions......Page 96
4.5.2 Diameter distribution of nylon 6,6 electrospun webs......Page 97
4.6 Conclusions......Page 101
4.7 References......Page 103
5.1 Introduction......Page 106
5.2 The electrospinning process and fibre morphology......Page 107
5.3 Polymer concentration and fibre diameter......Page 109
5.4 Fibre bead formation and fibre surface morphology......Page 112
5.4.1 Surface morphology......Page 114
5.5.1 Fibre orientation......Page 116
5.5.3 Web structure......Page 118
5.6 Bicomponent cross- sectional nanofibres......Page 119
5.6.1 \'Core-sheath\' nanofibres and hollow nanofibres......Page 121
5.6.2 \'Side-by-side\' nanofibres and sharp-edged crosssectional nanofibres......Page 122
5.7 Future trends......Page 123
5.9 References......Page 124
Part II Carbon nanotubes and nanocomposites......Page 127
6.1 Introduction......Page 129
6.2 The development and structure of carbonnanotubes......Page 131
6.2.1 The structure of carbon nanotubes......Page 134
6.3 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes......Page 140
6.3.1 Arc discharge......Page 142
6.3.2 Laser ablation......Page 148
6.3.3 Chemical vapor deposition......Page 151
6.4 Characterization techniques......Page 156
6.4.2 Optical laser microscopy......Page 160
6.4.5 Energy Dispersion X-ray (EDX)......Page 162
6.4.7 Raman spectroscopy......Page 165
6.5 Purification techniques......Page 168
6.5.2 Chemical etching......Page 169
6.5.3 Selective oxidation......Page 170
6.6 The use of carbon nanotubes in aero space engineering......Page 173
6.7 Nanostructured composite materials for aerospace applications......Page 177
6.8 Nanostructured solid propellants for rockets......Page 186
6.9 Frequency selective surfaces for aerospace applications......Page 191
6.10 Other aerospace applications of carbon nanotubes......Page 198
6.11 Conclusions......Page 200
7.1 Introduction......Page 210
7.2 Synthesis and properties of carbon nanotubes......Page 213
7.2.1 Mechanical properties......Page 214
7.2.2 Transport properties......Page 215
7.2.3 Physical properties......Page 216
7.3.1 Nanotube dispersion......Page 217
7.3.2 Mechanical properties of nanotube/nanofibreÒ polymer composites......Page 219
7.3.3 Physical properties of nanotube/nanofibreÒpolymer composites......Page 221
7.4 Adding nanotubes and nanofibres to polymer fibres......Page 222
7.4.1 Solution spinning......Page 223
7.5 Analysing the rheological properties of nanotube/ nanofibre Ò polymer composites......Page 224
7.5.1 Shear properties......Page 225
7.5.2 Elongational properties......Page 226
7.6 Analysing the microstructure of nanotube/ nanofibre Ò polymer composites......Page 228
7.6.1 Matrix microstructure......Page 230
7.7 Mechanical, electrical and other properties of nanocomposite fibres......Page 232
7.7.1 Electrical properties......Page 235
7.7.2 Other properties......Page 236
7.8 Future trends......Page 237
7.9 References......Page 238
8.1 Introduction......Page 251
8.2 Producing carbon nanotube- polymer fibers......Page 252
8.3 Thermal characterization......Page 253
8.4.1 Transmission electron microscopy......Page 254
8.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy......Page 256
8.4.3 Wide- angle X- ray diffraction......Page 257
8.5 Mechanical properties of fibers......Page 261
8.5.1 Dynamic mechanical analysis......Page 264
8.6 Conclusions and future trends......Page 267
8.8 Acknowledgments......Page 268
8.9 References......Page 269
9.1 Introduction......Page 272
9.2 The development of functional polymer nanocomposites......Page 273
9.3 Improving the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites......Page 274
9.4 Improving the fire- retardant properties of polymer nanocomposites......Page 276
9.5 Improving the tribological properties of polymer nanocomposites......Page 278
9.6.1 Materials investigated......Page 281
9.6.2 Wear tests......Page 283
9.6.3 Friction coefficient measurements......Page 284
9.6.4 Wear......Page 287
9.7 Enhancing the functionality of polymer nanocomposites......Page 289
9.10 References......Page 291
10.1 Introduction......Page 297
10.2 Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites......Page 298
10.2.1 Preparation of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 299
10.3 The structure and properties of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 300
10.3.1 Preparation techniques and nanocomposite structure......Page 302
10.3.2 Properties of layered silicate polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 303
10.4 Nanosilica filled polypropylene nanocomposites......Page 305
10.5.1 Carbon black-filled polypropylene composites......Page 307
10.5.3 Polypropylene-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites......Page 308
10.7 References......Page 309
Part III Improving polymer functionality......Page 315
11.1 Introduction......Page 317
11.2 Formation and characterization of polymer- cyclodextrin - inclusion compounds......Page 318
11.2.1 Coalescence of guest polymers from their cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 319
11.3.1 Electrostatic interactions......Page 320
11.3.5 Relief of conformational strain in cyclodextrins......Page 321
11.3.7 Crystalline packing of host cyclodextrins in solid cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 322
11.3.8 Nano-threading of polymers into solid cyclodextrins......Page 323
11.4 Homo- and block copolymers coalesced from their cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 324
11.4.1 PCL-b-PLLA di-block copolymer......Page 325
11.5 Constrained polymerization in monomerÒ cyclodextrin Ò inclusion compounds......Page 326
11.6 Coalescence of common polymer-cyclodextrin- inclusion compounds to achieve fine polymer blends......Page 327
11.7 Temporal and thermal stabilities of polymers nanostructured with cyclodextrins......Page 328
11.8 Cyclodextrin-modified polymers......Page 329
11.9 Polymers with covalently bonded cyclodextrins......Page 330
11.11 References......Page 332
12.1 Introduction......Page 336
12.2 Dyeing Techniques for Unmodified Polypropylene......Page 337
12.2.1 Use of Dye Receptor Additives......Page 338
12.3.1 Chemical Modification of Polypropylene......Page 339
12.4.1 Plasma Treatment......Page 340
12.4.3 Use of Dendrimers......Page 341
12.5.1 Variables in Dyeing......Page 342
12.5.2 Results of Dyed/Undyed Nanocomposite Films Prepared with As-Received Nanoclay Particles......Page 343
12.5.3 Dyeing Mechanism of Polypropylene Nanocomposites......Page 345
12.5.7 Effect of Ultrasonication on Cloisite-15A Size Reduction......Page 346
12.6 Using X-ray Diffraction Analysis and other Techniques to Assess Dyed Polypropylene Nanocomposites......Page 350
12.6.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 353
12.6.2 Visual Analysis......Page 354
12.6.2.2 Comparison of Build-up Curves of Acid and Disperse Dyes......Page 355
12.6.3 Wash Fastness Results - AATCC Test Method 61-2A......Page 359
12.6.4 Light Fastness Results - AATCC Test Method 16-1993......Page 360
Conclusions......Page 361
References......Page 362
13.1 Introduction......Page 367
13.1.1 Layered silicate clay minerals......Page 368
13.2.1 Structure and properties of organomodified clays......Page 370
13.3 Polymer/clay nanocomposites......Page 372
In situ polymerization......Page 373
Melt intercalation......Page 374
13.3.2 Compatibilization issues in polyolefin/clay nanocomposites......Page 375
13.4 Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 376
13.5 Polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 383
13.5.1 Linear low-density polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 384
13.5.2 High-density polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 386
13.5.3 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene/clay nanocomposites......Page 387
13.6.1 Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)/clay nanocomposites......Page 388
13.6.3 Other polyolefin/clay nanocomposites......Page 389
13.7 Conclusions......Page 390
13.8 References......Page 397
14.1 Introduction......Page 402
14.2.3 Synthesis procedure......Page 403
14.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy analysis......Page 404
14.3.3 Tensile testing......Page 406
14.4 Properties of multiwall carbon nanotube Ò nylon- 6 nanocomposite fibers......Page 407
Viscosity effect......Page 408
Differential scanning calorimetry analysis......Page 410
14.4.2 Melting characteristics and crystallization......Page 412
14.4.3 Molecular weight......Page 413
14.4.4 Tensile properties......Page 417
14.5 Conclusions......Page 420
14.6 Acknowledgments......Page 421
14.7 References......Page 422
Part IV Nanocoatings and surface modification techniques......Page 423
15.1 Introduction......Page 425
15.2.1 Electrostatic spinning......Page 426
15.2.2 Polymers and solvents......Page 428
15.2.4 Productivity......Page 430
15.2.5 Centrifuge spinning......Page 431
15.2.6 Comparing technologies......Page 432
15.3 Anti-adhesive nanocoating of fibers and textiles......Page 433
15.4 Water- and oil-repellent coatings by plasma treatment......Page 434
15.4.1 Aerosol and spraying applications......Page 436
15.5.1 Principles......Page 437
15.5.2 Transfer to fiber-based products......Page 438
15.5.3 Testing methods......Page 441
15.5.4 The Denkendorf quality mark......Page 442
15.7 References......Page 443
16.2 Principles of electrostatic self-assembly for creating nanolayer films......Page 444
16.2.1 Deposition conditions......Page 446
16.3 Advantages and disadvantages of electrostatic self- assembly......Page 447
16.4.1 Influence of substrate characteristics......Page 448
16.4.2 Polymers as substrates for layer-by-layer deposition......Page 449
16.5.1 Synthetic polyelectrolytes......Page 450
16.5.2 Modified and natural polyelectrolytes......Page 451
16.6 Analyzing self-assembled nanolayer films on cotton......Page 452
16.7 Conclusions: functional textiles for protection, filtration and other applications......Page 455
16.8 References......Page 456
17.1 Introduction......Page 464
17.2 Macromolecular platform for nanofabrication......Page 465
17.3.1 Synthesis of macroinitiator......Page 467
17.3.2 Atom transfer radical polymerization from macroinitiator......Page 469
17.4 \'Grafting to\' technique for synthesis of polymer films......Page 471
17.5.1 Mixed polymer brushes......Page 474
17.5.2 Switchable unary polymer brush......Page 478
17.6 Synthesis of ultrahydrophobic materials......Page 480
17.6.1 Fabrication of ultrahydrophobic textile materials......Page 481
17.8 Acknowledgments......Page 482
17.9 References......Page 483
18.1 Introduction: smart textiles via thin hybrid films......Page 486
18.2.1 Responsiveness of polymer chains to their environment......Page 487
18.2.2 Polymer brushes......Page 489
18.2.3 Mixed polymer brushes......Page 491
18.2.4 Block-copolymer brushes......Page 493
18.3 Polymer-polymer hybrid layers......Page 494
18.4 Polymer-particles hybrid layers......Page 500
18.5 Hierarchical assembly of nanostructured hybrid films......Page 501
18.6 Future trends......Page 505
18.9 References......Page 506
19.1 Introduction......Page 509
19.2 Materials, processing and characterisation techniques......Page 511
19.3 Structure and morphology......Page 513
19.3.1 Morphology......Page 516
19.4 Phase homogeneity and spinline stability......Page 518
19.5 Optical birefringence and infrared activation......Page 521
19.5.1 Infrared activation......Page 523
19.6 Crystallisation behaviour and mechanical performance......Page 525
19.6.1 Mechanical performance......Page 527
19.7 Exfoliation by extensional flow deformation......Page 529
19.8 Conclusions......Page 530
19.9 References......Page 531
A......Page 535
C......Page 536
D......Page 542
E......Page 544
F......Page 546
H......Page 547
M......Page 548
N......Page 551
P......Page 553
S......Page 560
T......Page 563
V......Page 565
Y......Page 566