Innovations In GIS

Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
GISRUK Committees......Page 16
Introduction......Page 17
References......Page 18
PART ONE  Data Modelling and Spatial Data Structures......Page 19
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 21
1.2 A MULTIRESOLUTION TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE DATABASE FOR GIS......Page 22
1.3 A GEOLOGICAL MODEL BASED ON DATA INTEGRATION......Page 23
1.4.1 Model description......Page 25
Subsurface boundary triangulation......Page 28
Fault extrapolation......Page 29
1.5 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING......Page 30
Acknowledgements......Page 34
References......Page 35
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 36
2.2 THE REQUIREMENT FOR STORAGE-EFFICIENT DTMS......Page 37
2.3 DATA STRUCTURES FOR DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS......Page 38
2.4.1 Regular grid DEM......Page 39
2.4.2 Triangulated irregular network (TIN)......Page 40
2.4.3 Other grid DEMs......Page 41
2.5 MATHEMATICAL MODELS......Page 42
2.5.2 Polynomial surface patch DTMs......Page 44
2.6.1 Predictor differential encoding of regular grid DEMs......Page 46
2.6.2 The implicit TIN......Page 47
2.7 SUMMARY......Page 49
References......Page 50
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 52
3.3 A ‘SPATIAL’ DATABASE......Page 53
3.5 EXTENDING THE ILLUSTRA TEMPORAL MODEL......Page 54
3.6 THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL DATA MODEL......Page 56
3.7 SPATIO-TEMPORAL QUERIES......Page 57
3.8 THE QUENZA PROJECT......Page 58
3.9 THE APPLICATION......Page 59
3.10 CONCLUSIONS......Page 61
Note......Page 63
References......Page 64
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 65
4.2 APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIMEDIA GIS......Page 66
4.3 PERSPECTIVES ON MULTIMEDIA IN GIS......Page 67
4.3.1 Multimedia in the GIS data model......Page 68
Application-dependent functionality......Page 69
4.3.3 Composite multimedia objects......Page 70
4.4 OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION......Page 71
4.4.1 The system architecture......Page 72
4.4.2 The prototype system......Page 74
4.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK......Page 76
References......Page 77
PART TWO  Spatial Analysis......Page 80
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 82
5.1.2 The OSU research program......Page 83
5.2 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OF INTERREGIONAL FLOWS......Page 84
5.2.2 Cartographic representation......Page 85
5.3 VISUALIZATION AND EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS IN A SPACE-TIME CONTEXT......Page 86
5.4.1 Improving the cartographic representation of flows......Page 87
5.4.3 Flow pattern definition and matching......Page 89
5.4.4 Dealing with multidimensional interregional flows......Page 90
5.5.2 Spatial indexing of the O-D matrix......Page 91
5.7 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE OSU FLOW RESEARCH TOOLKIT......Page 92
References......Page 93
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 96
6.2 EARLY MODEL BREEDING MACHINES......Page 97
6.3.1 Serial GP......Page 99
6.3.2 Parallel GP......Page 100
6.3.3 Modified parallel GP......Page 101
6.4.1 Model pieces......Page 103
6.4.2 Results......Page 104
6.5.2 GP runs......Page 105
6.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 106
References......Page 107
7.1 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT......Page 108
7.2 METHODS......Page 109
7.2.2 Linking maps to correspondence analyses......Page 111
7.2.4 Implementation issues......Page 113
7.3 TWO SAMPLE APPLICATIONS......Page 114
7.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 116
References......Page 118
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 120
8.2 STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING UNCERTAINTY......Page 121
8.3 FUZZY SETS AND HEDGES OF UNCERTAINTY......Page 122
8.4 FUZZY EXPECTATION......Page 124
References......Page 129
9.2 SCRIPTING AND TOOL INTEGRATION SPATIAL ANALYSIS......Page 131
9.3 LOCAL INDICATORS AND DISTANCE STATISTICS......Page 132
9.4 APPLICATIONS IN GRASS AND GMT......Page 133
9.5.1 Garbage collection services in English districts......Page 135
9.5.2 Historical boundaries and the Polish presidential election......Page 138
References......Page 141
PART THREE  Environmental Modelling......Page 143
10.2 MODELLING AS A SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY......Page 145
10.2.1 Model use and model development......Page 146
10.2.2 Types of model......Page 147
10.3 THE COLLECTION OF DATA......Page 148
10.4 THE REPRESENTATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DATA IN GIS......Page 149
10.5 LINKING DATA AND MODELS......Page 150
10.6 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LINKING MODELS AND GIS......Page 152
References......Page 154
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 156
11.2.1 Obstacles to the integration of GIS and environmental modelling......Page 157
11.2.2 Spatial process modelling......Page 158
11.2.3 Research projects to overcome the obstacles in integration......Page 159
11.3 UNIVERSAL GIS OPERATIONS......Page 160
11.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 161
References......Page 163
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 168
12.2.1 Estimating proportional class membership......Page 169
12.2.2 Sub-pixel mapping......Page 170
12.2.3 Evaluating the algorithm......Page 174
12.3 EXAMPLE......Page 175
12.3.1 Data processing......Page 176
Mixture modelling......Page 179
Mapping sub-pixel variation......Page 181
12.4.1 Error and the point spread function......Page 182
12.5 CONCLUSION......Page 183
References......Page 184
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 186
13.2 INTERPOLATION OF NATURAL PHENOMENA......Page 187
13.3 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FOUR-DIMENSIONAL INTERPOLATION......Page 188
13.5 FOUR-DIMENSIONAL GEOSTATISTICAL KRIGING......Page 189
13.5.1 The four-dimensional sample variogram......Page 190
13.5.2 The estimation of unknown spatial and temporal locations......Page 191
13.6 VOLUMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF SUBSURFACE NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS......Page 195
13.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 199
References......Page 200
14.2 MODELLING TROPICAL SLOPE INSTABILITY......Page 202
14.3 EVALUATING THE ACCURACY AND CHARACTER OF THE DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS......Page 203
14.3.1 Assessing digital terrain models created from degraded input data......Page 204
Determining the entropy of the digital terrain models......Page 206
14.4 THE SENSITIVITY OF THE CHASM SCHEME TO DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 210
14.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 212
References......Page 215
PART FOUR  GIS: Science, Ethics and Infrastructure......Page 218
15.1 INTRODUCTION: DECONSTRUCTING GIS......Page 220
15.2 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE......Page 223
15.3 RESEARCH PROGRAMS FOR GISC......Page 225
Notes......Page 226
References......Page 227
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 228
16.2 BACKGROUND......Page 229
References......Page 233
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 235
17.2 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION......Page 236
17.3.1 Information is expandable......Page 238
17.3.2 Information is compressible......Page 239
17.3.5 Information is diffusive and shareable......Page 240
17.4 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AS A COMMODITY......Page 242
17.5 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AS AN ASSET......Page 245
17.6 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AS AN INFRASTRUCTURE......Page 246
References......Page 247
PART FIVE  GIS: The Impact of the Internet......Page 249
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 250
18.2 DATABASE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 251
18.3 ORACLE AND WWW INTERFACE......Page 254
18.4 QUERYING THE DATABASE......Page 255
18.4.2 Iterative or nested queries......Page 257
18.5 OTHER NON-DATABASE INFORMATION......Page 258
18.6 EXTENDING COLLABORATION AND COORDINATION VIA THE INTERNET......Page 259
18.6.1 Integration with other databases and modelling......Page 260
18.6.2 Extending the mapping interface......Page 261
18.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 262
References......Page 263
19.2 OLD IDEAS AND CURRENT THINKING......Page 265
19.3 THE POTENTIAL OF THE WWW: ‘INFORMATION IS POWER’......Page 266
19.4 EXAMPLE: AN OSDSS FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL......Page 267
19.5 POTENTIAL MERITS, POTENTIAL PROBLEMS......Page 269
19.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 274
References......Page 275
Index......Page 277