Innovations and Interdisciplinary Solutions for Underserved Areas: 5th EAI International Conference, InterSol 2022, Abuja, Nigeria, March 23-24, 2022, Proceedings

Preface
Organization
Contents
Sustainable Development for Underserved Areas
Effects of Noise Pollution on Learning in Schools of Bamenda II Municipality, Northwest Region of Cameroon
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Environmental Noise at Sampled Schools
		3.2 Level of Awareness of Noise Pollution by Respondents
		3.3 Effects of Noise Pollution on Teaching in Selected Schools in Bamenda II
		3.4 Perception of a Medical Practitioner on Noise Pollution Effects
	4 Discussion of Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Hydro-Meteorological Trends and Thermal Comfort of Khartoum Sudan
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Climatic Condition of the Region
		2.2 Thermal Comfort
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Season-Based Trends Analysis
		3.2 Thermal Comfort of Khartoum
	4 Conclusion
	References
Community Water Projects Sustainability for Climate Change Resilience and Adaptation in Suam Catchment Area of West Pokot County, Kenya
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Statement of the Problem
		1.2 The Rationale of the Study
		1.3 Purpose of This Study
		1.4 Specific Objectives
		1.5 Scope of the Study
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Climate Change in Perspective
		2.2 Climate Change Resilience and Adaptation
		2.3 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Africa
		2.4 Water Resources Management and Sustainability of Community Water Projects
		2.5 Theoretical Framework
		2.6 Conceptual Framework
	3 Methodologies
		3.1 Research Design
		3.2 Target Population of the Study
		3.3 Sample Size, Sampling Techniques and Data Collection Tools
	4 Results
		4.1 Governance Structures in Relation to Sustainability of Community Water Projects
		4.2 Development of Capacities and Sustainability of Water Projects
		4.3 Mechanisms Used to Monitor and Implement Community Water Projects
	5 Conclusion
	6 Recommendations for Policy Action
	7 Suggestions for Further Research
	Appendix 1
	Appendix II
	References
The Nigerian HealthCare Facilities: Need for Adopting Evidence-Based Design as an Innovative Approach for Improved Health and Wellbeing
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Describing the Evidence-Based Design (EBD) Concept in Healthcare Settings
		1.2 Describing the Therapeutic Environment
	2 Research Methods
	3 Literature Review of Related Works
		3.1 Clinical Design
		3.2 Communication
		3.3 Infection Control
		3.4 Noise
		3.5 Perception of Cleanliness
		3.6 Safety
		3.7 Technology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents’
		4.2 Staff and Patient Awareness of EBD Factors in the Selected Hospitals
		4.3 Staff Rating of EBD Factors in the Selected Hospitals
		4.4 Patient Rating of EBD Factors in the Selected Hospitals
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Limitations and Directions for Future Research
	References
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for Development
An E-Nose Using Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensors Array to Recognize the Odors of Fall Armyworm Pest for Its Early Detection in the Farm
	1 Introduction
	2 Review on Electronic Nose and Metal Oxide Semi-conductor Sensors
		2.1 Survey on Electronic Nose
		2.2 Survey on Electronic Nose
	3 Proposed Sensor Based on Electronic Nose for Early Detection of FAW
		3.1 Monitoring and Detection of FAW
		3.2 Metal Oxide Device
		3.3 Sensor Array Module
		3.4 Experimental Tools
	4 Experimental Results and Discussion
		4.1 Measurement Protocol
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Prediction of Process Failure Approach Using Process Mining
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Process Failure
		2.2 Loop
		2.3 Critics
	3 Data Description
	4 Preprocessing
	5 Metric
	6 Prediction Model
	7 Result
		7.1 Random Forest Classifier (RF)
		7.2 Decision Tree Classifier (DT)
		7.3 Logistic Regression (LR)
		7.4 Multi-Layer Perceptron Classifier (MLP)
		7.5 ROC Graph
	8 Conclusion
	References
An AI-Based Model for the Prediction of a Newborn’s Sickle Cell Disease Status
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of the Literature
	3 Materials
	4 Methods
		4.1 Overview of Our Approach
		4.2 Experimental Performance Evaluation
		4.3 Evaluation Setting up
		4.4 Segmentation of the Dataset
		4.5 Cross Validation Phase
		4.6 Selection of the Hyper-parameters of the Algorithms
	5 Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Study of an Approach Based on the Analysis of Computer Program Execution Traces for the Detection of Vulnerabilities
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of Study
	3 Concepts
		3.1 Vulnerability
		3.2 Attack and Intrusion
		3.3 Execution Trace
	4 Related Work
	5 Methodology
	6 Conclusion
	References
ICT for Development
Comparative Evaluation on Sentiment Analysis Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Sentiment Analysis
		2.1 Advantage of Sentiment Analysis
		2.2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Sentiment Analysis
		3.3 Tool Selection
	4 Result Analysis and Discussion
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
A New Wavelet Based Steganography Method for Securing Medical Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Contribution
		2.2 Proposed Framework
		2.3 Signal Transformation
		2.4 Data Encryption
	3 Performance Measure and Experimental Results
		3.1 Data Considered
		3.2 Assessing the Multiscale Analysis Quality
		3.3 Assessing Effects of the Encryption Process
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Dual Ring Architecture Using Controllers for Better Load Balancing in a Fog Computing Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Description of Our Approach with a Controller Node for Load Balancing
		3.1 Overview of the Load Balancing Method
		3.2 Determination of the Shortest Path
	4 Results and Experiments
		4.1 The Limits of My Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Recommendation System for Carbon Reduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Survey
	4 Result
	5 Calculator
	6 Recommender System
	7 Recommendation
	8 Conclusion
	References
Engineering Impact on Sustainability Development
Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations of Municipal Open-Air Dumpsite: A Case Study of Gosa Dumpsite, Abuja
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Study Area and Samples Collection
		2.2 Physicochemical Analysis
		2.3 Digestion of Soils
		2.4 Heavy Metals Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Soil Particles Size
		3.2 Soil Organic Matter (SOM)
		3.3 Soil pH
		3.4 Soil Cation Exchange Capacity
		3.5 Heavy Metals Analysis
	4 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Ten Years After the Deepwater Horizon Disaster - Lessons Learned for a Better Cementing Job
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Particle Charge Detection
		2.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography
		2.3 Cement Slurry Preparation
		2.4 Static Gel and Compressive Strength Development
		2.5 Compressive Strength by Crush Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Chemical Characterization
		3.2 Mechanical Properties of Oil Well Cement Slurries
	4 Conclusion
	References
Generating Bioelectricity from Traditional Food Processing Wastewater Using an Inoculum of Return Activated Sewage Sludge
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Inoculum
		2.2 Physicochemical Analysis
		2.3 Microbial Fuel Cell Coupling and Operation
		2.4 Data Acquisition and Calculations
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Open Current Voltage
		3.2 Extended Performance of the Microbial Fuel Cells Under an External Resistance
		3.3 Effect of Anolyte on Electricity Generation
		3.4 Relationship Between Current Density and Power Generation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Community Engagements and Collaboration
The Levels of Crop Raiding by Rodents and Primates in a Subsistence Farming Community, in South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Site
		2.2 Farm Attributes
		2.3 Farm Sampling
		2.4 Crop Damage Assessment
		2.5 Rodent Trapping
		2.6 Monitoring Primates
		2.7 Camera Trap Surveillance
	3 Statistical Analyses of Data
	4 Results
		4.1 Rodent Trapping
		4.2 Crop Raiding and Farm Proximity to the Game Reserve
		4.3 Variation in the Level of Crop Damage by Crop Raiding Animals
		4.4 Variation in the Level of Crop Damage by Crop Type
		4.5 Seasonal Variations in Primate Behaviour
		4.6 Feeding Behaviour
		4.7 Travelling Behaviour
	5 Discussion
	References
Survey on Crop Disease Detection and Identification Based on Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Algorithms Used for Plant Disease Diagnosis
	3 Detection and Identification of Plant Diseases Based on Classical ML Algorithms
	4 Detection and Identification Based on DL
	5 Transfer Learning
	6 Potential Challenges
	7 Conclusion
	References
Pest Birds Detection Approach in Rice Crops Using Pre-trained YOLOv4 Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Deep Leaning Based Object Detection Models
		2.2 Pest Birds Monitoring Approaches
	3 Pest Birds Detection Model
		3.1 YOLOv4 Model Architecture
		3.2 Building Pest Bird Real Data
		3.3 Training Phase
	4 Experiments and Validation
		4.1 Setting Up Experiments
		4.2 Performance Measures
		4.3 Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
Energy Conversion and Conservation for Underserved Areas
Truncation Effect of a Three-Dimensional Compound Parabolic Concentrator on the Solar Flux at the Input of the Receiver of a 30 kWe Solar Tower Power Plant
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 3D-CPC description
		2.2 3D-CPC Sizing
		2.3 3D-CPC Design
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Results of sizing
		3.2 Results of design
		3.3 Results of Truncation Effect
	4 Conclusion
	References
Renewable Energy Transition: A Panacea to the Ravaging Effects of Climate Change in Nigeria
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Status of Electricity in Nigeria via a Survey and Its Effects
	3 Climate Change and Its Effects on Nigeria
	4 Nigeria’s Efforts at Mitigating GHGs
	5 Conclusion
	6 Recommendations
	References
Investigation on Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregate from Demolition Waste
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Material Test Result
		3.2 Laboratory Test on the Produced Concrete
	4 Conclusion
	5 Recommendation
	References
Valorization of the Recovered Lime in Cement-Typha Concretes: Thermal and Mechanical Behavior
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Raw Materials
		2.2 Samples Preparation
		2.3 Mechanical Test Methods
		2.4 Thermal Characterization
	3 Results
		3.1 Bulk Density of Samples
		3.2 Mechanical Results
		3.3 Thermal Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Engineering and Science Education in Underserved Areas
The Need for Nigerian Universities to Collaborate for Quality Research Output
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Perspectives on Nigerian Universities
	3 Common Traits and Differences Between the Universities: Private vs Public
	4 Collaborative Research in Nigerian Universities May Drive the Knowledge Economy: Local and International Perspectives
		4.1 Knowledge Sharing
		4.2 Collaborative Research Grants
		4.3 Meeting Sustainability Targets
	5 Barriers to Effective Research Collaboration
		5.1 Funding and Finding Collaborators
		5.2 Personal or Family Worries
		5.3 Lack of Trust and Respect for Diversity of Disciplines
		5.4 Poor Internet Infrastructure and the High Cost of International Calls
	6 Conclusion
	References
SenTekki: Online Platform and Restful Web Service for Translation Between Wolof and French
	1 Problem Statement
	2 Related Work
	3 Machine Translation Platform and RestFull Web Service
		3.1 Client
		3.2 Web and Mobile Client
		3.3 Application Client
		3.4 Server
	4 The NMT Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
Towards an Optimal Placement of Learning Resources in a Fog Computing Based E-Learning System: The Case of UVS
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 PELBFC - UVS: Components and Functioning
	4 Mathematical Formulation
		4.1 Problem Description (Use Case)
		4.2 Variables Definition
		4.3 Definition of the Delay
		4.4 Problem Formulation
		4.5 Strategy Greedy First Fit
	5 Conclusion
	References
Author Index