Injection Technologies and Mixture Formation Strategies For Spark-Ignition and Dual-Fuel Engines

Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
1 SI Engine Historical Background and Fuel Equipment Evolution
	1.1 Historical Framework of SI Combustion Engines
	1.2 Early History of Fuel Equipment 
for SI Engines
	1.3 The Working Principle of Modern 
SI Engines
		1.3.1 Two-Stroke Engines
	1.4 Recent History of Fuel Equipment 
for SI Engines
	1.5 Classification of Fuel Injection Systems for SI Engines
2 Injection System Tasks
3 Air Mass Evaluation
	3.1 Speed-Density Method
	3.2 Throttle-Valve Position Speed Method
	3.3 Mechanical Flowmeters
	3.4 Thermo-Electrical Flowmeters
4 Fuel-Delivery Modules for Gasoline Engines
	4.1 Electronic Intermittent PFI Systems
		4.1.1 Single-Point PFI Systems
		4.1.2 Multipoint PFI Systems
		4.1.3 Electrical Driving Commands of the Injector
		4.1.4 Latest Generation Multipoint 
PFI Systems
	4.2 Mechanical Intermittent PFI Systems
		4.2.1 The Bosch Pump
		4.2.2 The LUCAS Distributor
		4.2.3 The SPICA Pump
		4.2.4 The Kugelfischer Pump
	4.3 Continuous PFI Systems
5 Idle, Cold-Start, and Warm-Up Control in PFI Systems
	5.1 Air Subsystem
	5.2 Fuel Subsystem Devices
6 Gasoline Direct Injection
	6.1 Liquid GDI High-Pressure Systems
		6.1.1 Systems with Constant Maximum Pressure
		6.1.2 Systems With Variable Injection Pressure
			6.1.2.1 First-Generation GDI Systems
			6.1.2.2 Second-Generation GDI Systems
			6.1.2.3 Injectors for GDI Applications
			6.1.2.4 Injector Spray Patterns for GDI Systems
		6.1.3 Ram-Tuned Systems
	6.2 Air-Assisted GDI Systems
		6.2.1 Electronic Air-Assisted GDI Systems 
for Four-Stroke Engines
		6.2.2 Electronic Air-Assisted GDI Systems 
for Two-Stroke Engines
		6.2.3 Mechanical Air-Assisted GDI Systems 
for Two-Stroke Engines
7 Gasoline Engine Performance and Emissions
	7.1 Stratified Charge GDI Engines
		7.1.1 Wall-Guided and Air-Guided Systems
		7.1.2 Spray-Guided Combustion Systems
	7.2 Homogeneous GDI Versus 
PFI Engines
	7.3 In Cylinder Flows in GDI Engines
		7.3.1 Bulk Flow Strategies for Stratified Charge Combustion Systems
		7.3.2 Spray Momentum-Induced Turbulence
	7.4 GDI Engine Operating Modes and the Corresponding Injection Strategies
	7.5 Combustion Characteristics of 
GDI and PFI Engines
	7.6 Comparison of the Fuel Consumption and Performance Between GDI and PFI Engines
	7.7 Unburnt Hydrocarbons and 
Carbon Monoxide Emissions of 
GDI and PFI Engines
	7.8 The Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 
of GDI and PFI Engines and the General Effects of EGR
	7.9 The PM Emissions of GDI Engines
	7.10 The Evolution of the GDI Concept Over the Last Two Decades
	7.11 Ultrahigh Injection Pressure 
in Modern GDI Engines
		7.11.1 Hydraulic Characteristics and 
Spray Configuration
		7.11.2 Emissions and Fuel Consumption
	7.12 Impact of Multiple Injections on 
GDI Engines
8 Innovative Architectures and Mixture Formation Strategies
	8.1 Double-Injection Systems
		8.1.1 Double-Injector PFI Systems
		8.1.2 Combined GDI–PFI Systems
	8.2 An Advanced Combustion System for Spark-Ignition Engines: Turbulent Jet Ignition
		8.2.1 Passive Prechamber Systems
		8.2.2 Active Prechamber Systems
	8.3 Controlled Autoignition Engines
		8.3.1 Homogenous Charge CI History
		8.3.2 HCCI Concept
		8.3.3 Challenges of CAI Combustion
		8.3.4 Operating Range
		8.3.5 Methods Used to Enlarge the Operating Range
	8.4 Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Engines
		8.4.1 Definition of the RCCI Concept and Employment of SI Engine Fuels in RCCI Engines
		8.4.2 Mixture Formation, Its Reactivity, and Combustion in RCCI Engines
		8.4.3 Engine-Out Emissions
		8.4.4 Benefits and Weak Points of RCCI Combustion
9 Alternative Fuels for Modern Spark-Ignition and Dual-Fuel Engines
	9.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Engines
		9.1.1 Performance and Emissions of Vapor-Phase LPG PFI Engines
		9.1.2 Liquid-Phase LPG Port Fuel and DI Engines
	9.2 The NG Engine
		9.2.1 Stoichiometric NG Engines With PFI Systems
		9.2.2 Lean NG Engines
		9.2.3 DI in NG Engines
		9.2.4 Fuel Injection Systems for NG Engines
	9.3 Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines
		9.3.1 Hydrogen Production and the Perspectives of Its Usage as a Fuel for Future Green Vehicles
		9.3.2 Hydrogen Properties
		9.3.3 Stoichiometric and Lean Hydrogen ICEs
		9.3.4 Injection and Ignition Strategies for Hydrogen ICE
		9.3.5 On-Board Vehicle Storage and Fuel Supply Systems for Hydrogen
	9.4 Hints on the Use of Methanol in Engines
		9.4.1 Methanol Production
		9.4.2 Methanol as a Fuel for SI Engines
		9.4.3 Methanol Usage in Dual-Fuel Engines
References
Index
About the Authors