Information Visualization: Perception for Design

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
Figure Credits......Page 16
Foreword......Page 18
Preface......Page 20
Preface to the First Edition......Page 22
CHAPTER 1 Foundation for a Science of Data Visualization......Page 28
Visualization Stages......Page 31
Experimental Semiotics Based on Perception......Page 32
Semiotics of Graphics......Page 33
Pictures as Sensory Languages......Page 35
Sensory versus Arbitrary Symbols......Page 37
Properties of Sensory and Arbitrary Representation......Page 40
Arbitrary Conventional Representations......Page 42
The Study of Arbitrary Conventional Symbols......Page 44
Stage 1: Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual Scene......Page 47
Stage 2: Pattern Perception......Page 48
Stage 3: Sequential Goal-Directed Processing......Page 49
Relationships......Page 50
Attributes of Entities or Relationships......Page 51
Operations Considered as Data......Page 52
Metadata......Page 53
Conclusion......Page 54
CHAPTER 2 The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display......Page 56
Ecological Optics......Page 57
Optical Flow......Page 59
Textured Surfaces and Texture Gradients......Page 60
The Paint Model of Surfaces......Page 62
The Eye......Page 65
The Visual Angle Defined......Page 67
The Lens......Page 68
Optics and Augmented-Reality Systems......Page 69
Chromatic Aberration......Page 72
Receptors......Page 73
Simple Acuities......Page 74
Acuity Distribution and the Visual Field......Page 77
Brain Pixels and the Optimal Screen......Page 80
Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function......Page 84
The Optimal Display......Page 89
Aliasing......Page 90
Superacuities and Displays......Page 92
Temporal Requirements of the Perfect Display......Page 93
Conclusion......Page 94
CHAPTER 3 Lightness, Brightness, Contrast, and Constancy......Page 96
Neurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness Illusions......Page 97
Simultaneous Brightness Contrast......Page 99
The Chevreul Illusion......Page 101
Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics......Page 102
Edge Enhancement......Page 104
Luminance, Brightness, Lightness, and Gamma......Page 107
Luminance......Page 108
Brightness......Page 110
Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy......Page 111
Contrast and Constancy......Page 113
Perception of Surface Lightness......Page 114
Lightness Differences and the Gray Scale......Page 115
Monitor Illumination and Monitor Surrounds......Page 117
Conclusion......Page 120
CHAPTER 4 Color......Page 124
Trichromacy Theory......Page 125
Color Blindness......Page 126
Color Measurement......Page 127
Change of Primaries......Page 129
CIE System of Color Standards......Page 130
Chromaticity Coordinates......Page 131
Color Differences and Uniform Color Spaces......Page 135
Naming......Page 137
Unique Hues......Page 139
Properties of Color Channels......Page 140
Color Appearance......Page 143
Saturation......Page 144
Brown......Page 145
Application 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces......Page 146
Application 2: Color for Labeling......Page 150
Application 3: Color Sequences for Data Maps......Page 154
Application 4: Color Reproduction......Page 165
Application 5: Color for Exploring Multidimensional Discrete Data......Page 167
Conclusion......Page 170
CHAPTER 5 Visual Attention and Information that Pops Out......Page 172
Useful Field of View......Page 173
Reading from the Iconic Buffer......Page 174
Preattentive Processing......Page 176
Coding with Combinations of Features......Page 181
Conjunctions with Spatial Dimensions......Page 182
Highlighting......Page 183
Designing a Symbol Set......Page 184
Neural Processing, Graphemes, and Tuned Receptors......Page 186
The Grapheme......Page 187
The Gabor Model and Texture in Visualization......Page 188
Tradeoffs in Information Density: An Uncertainty Principle......Page 190
Primary Perceptual Dimensions of Texture......Page 191
Generation of Distinct Textures......Page 193
Spatial-Frequency Channels, Orthogonality, and Maps......Page 194
Texture Resolution......Page 196
Other Dimensions of Visual Texture......Page 197
Texture Field Displays......Page 199
Glyphs and Multivariate Discrete Data......Page 203
Restricted Classification Tasks......Page 204
Speeded Classification Tasks......Page 205
Integral–Separable Dimension Pairs......Page 207
Monotonicity of Visual Attributes......Page 208
Multidimensional Discrete Data......Page 209
Stars, Whiskers, and Other Glyphs......Page 211
Conclusion......Page 212
CHAPTER 6 Static and Moving Patterns......Page 214
Proximity......Page 216
Similarity......Page 217
Continuity......Page 218
Symmetry......Page 219
Closure......Page 221
Figure and Ground......Page 223
More on Contours......Page 225
Perceiving Direction: Representing Vector Fields......Page 227
Comparing 2D Flow Visualization Techniques......Page 228
Perception of Transparency: Overlapping Data......Page 232
Pattern Learning......Page 233
The Grammar of Node–Link Diagrams......Page 237
The Grammar of Maps......Page 242
Patterns in Motion......Page 244
Form and Contour in Motion......Page 246
Moving Frames......Page 247
Expressive Motion......Page 248
Perception of Causality......Page 249
Perception of Animate Motion......Page 250
Enriching Diagrams with Simple Animation......Page 251
Conclusion......Page 252
CHAPTER 7 Visual Objects and Data Objects......Page 254
Image-Based Object Recognition......Page 255
Applications of Images in User Interfaces......Page 257
Silhouettes......Page 260
Faces......Page 264
The Object Display and Object-Based Diagrams......Page 266
The Geon Diagram......Page 268
Perceiving the Surface Shapes of Objects......Page 270
Spatial Cues for Representing Scalar Fields......Page 271
Integration of Cues for Surface Shape......Page 274
Interaction of Shading and Contour......Page 275
Guidelines for Displaying Surfaces......Page 279
Bivariate Maps: Lighting and Surface Color......Page 281
Integration......Page 282
Conclusion......Page 284
Depth Cue Theory......Page 286
Perspective Cues......Page 287
Pictures Seen from the Wrong Viewpoint......Page 290
Occlusion......Page 292
Cast Shadows......Page 293
Shape-from-Shading......Page 295
Structure-from-Motion......Page 296
Eye Convergence......Page 297
Stereoscopic Depth......Page 298
Problems with Stereoscopic Displays......Page 300
Making Effective Stereoscopic Displays......Page 301
Artificial Spatial Cues......Page 306
Depth Cues in Combination......Page 307
Task-Based Space Perception......Page 310
Tracing Data Paths in 3D Graphs......Page 311
Judging the Morphology of Surfaces and Surface Target Detection......Page 314
Patterns of Points in 3D Space......Page 315
Judging Relative Positions of Objects in Space......Page 316
Judging the Relative Movement of Self within the Environment......Page 317
Reaching for Objects......Page 318
Judging the......Page 319
The Aesthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence)......Page 320
Conclusion......Page 321
Coding Words and Images......Page 324
The Nature of Language......Page 326
Visual and Spoken Language......Page 328
Images vs. Words......Page 330
Links between Images and Words......Page 333
Static Links......Page 334
Deixis......Page 336
Symbolic Gestures......Page 337
Visual Momentum in Animated Sequences......Page 338
Animated Visual Languages......Page 339
Conclusion......Page 342
CHAPTER 10 Interacting with Visualizations......Page 344
Choice Reaction Time......Page 345
2D Positioning and Selection......Page 346
Hover Queries......Page 347
Two-Handed Interaction......Page 348
Control Compatibility......Page 349
Vigilance......Page 351
Locomotion and Viewpoint Control......Page 352
Frames of Reference......Page 360
Map Orientation......Page 364
Focus, Context, and Scale......Page 365
Rapid Interaction with Data......Page 372
Conclusion......Page 376
CHAPTER 11 Thinking with Visualizations......Page 378
Visual Working Memory......Page 379
Visual Working Memory Capacity......Page 382
Rensink's Model......Page 389
Eye Movements......Page 390
Eye Movements, Search, and Monitoring......Page 391
Long-Term Memory......Page 393
Problem Solving with Visualizations......Page 397
Visual Problem Solving Processes......Page 398
Visual Query Construction......Page 399
The Pattern-Finding Loop......Page 400
Implications for Interactive Visualization Design......Page 401
Interfaces to Knowledge Structures......Page 406
Creative Problem Solving......Page 410
Conclusion......Page 412
APPENDIX A Changing Primaries......Page 414
APPENDIX B CIE Color Measurement System......Page 416
Research Goals......Page 420
Psychophysics......Page 421
Detection Methods......Page 422
Cognitive Psychology......Page 424
Testbench Application for Discovery......Page 425
Rating Scales......Page 426
Multidimensional Scaling......Page 427
Child Studies......Page 428
Experimenter Bias......Page 429
Combinatorial Explosion......Page 430
Getting Help......Page 431
Bibliography......Page 432
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About the Author......Page 512