INFORMATION RETRIEVAL : a biomedical and health perspective.

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Foundations
	1.1 Basic Definitions
	1.2 Scientific Disciplines Concerned with IR
	1.3 Models of IR
		1.3.1 The Information World
		1.3.2 Users
		1.3.3 Health Decision-Making
		1.3.4 Knowledge Acquisition and Use
	1.4 IR Resources
		1.4.1 Organizations
		1.4.2 Journals
		1.4.3 Texts
		1.4.4 Tools
	1.5 The Internet and World Wide Web
		1.5.1 Users
		1.5.2 Usage
		1.5.3 Hypertext and Linking
	1.6 Evaluation
		1.6.1 Classification of Evaluation
			1.6.1.1 Was the System Used?
			1.6.1.2 For What Was the System Used?
			1.6.1.3 Were the Users Satisfied?
			1.6.1.4 How Well Was the System Used?
			1.6.1.5 What Factors Were Associated with Successful or Unsuccessful Use of the System?
			1.6.1.6 Did the System Have an Impact?
		1.6.2 Relevance-Based Evaluation
			1.6.2.1 Recall and Precision
			1.6.2.2 F Measure
			1.6.2.3 Ranked Systems
		1.6.3 Challenge Evaluations
			1.6.3.1 Text REtrieval Conference (TREC)
			1.6.3.2 TREC Biomedical Tracks
			1.6.3.3 Other Aspects of TREC
			1.6.3.4 Beyond TREC
	References
Chapter 2: Information
	2.1 What Is Information?
	2.2 Theories of Information
	2.3 Properties of Scientific Information
		2.3.1 Growth
		2.3.2 Obsolescence
		2.3.3 Fragmentation
		2.3.4 Linkage and Citations
			2.3.4.1 Author Productivity: Lotka’s Law
			2.3.4.2 Subject Dispersion: Bradford’s Law
			2.3.4.3 Journal Importance: Impact Factor
			2.3.4.4 Author Impact
			2.3.4.5 Co-citation Analysis
			2.3.4.6 Alternatives to Citations
		2.3.5 Propagation
	2.4 Classification of Health Information
	2.5 Production of Biomedical and Health Information
		2.5.1 Generation of Scientific Information
		2.5.2 Peer Review
			2.5.2.1 Is Peer Review Effective?
			2.5.2.2 How Can Peer Review Be Improved?
		2.5.3 Primary Literature
			2.5.3.1 Characteristics of the Primary Literature
			2.5.3.2 Methodological Issues in Primary Literature
			2.5.3.3 Reproducibility and Replicability
			2.5.3.4 Reporting Issues in Primary Literature
			2.5.3.5 Publication Bias
			2.5.3.6 Fraud in Primary Literature
		2.5.4 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis
		2.5.5 Secondary Literature
	2.6 Electronic Publishing
		2.6.1 Electronic Scholarly Publication
		2.6.2 Consumer Health Information
	2.7 Use of Knowledge-Based Health Information
		2.7.1 Models of Physician Thinking
		2.7.2 Physician Information Needs
			2.7.2.1 Unrecognized Needs
			2.7.2.2 Recognized Needs
			2.7.2.3 Pursued Needs
			2.7.2.4 Satisfied Needs
		2.7.3 Information Needs of Other Healthcare Professionals
		2.7.4 Information Needs of Biomedical and Health Researchers
		2.7.5 Information Needs of Consumers
	2.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 3: Content
	3.1 Classification of Health and Biomedical Information Content
	3.2 Bibliographic Content
		3.2.1 Literature Reference Databases
			3.2.1.1 MEDLINE
			3.2.1.2 Other NLM Bibliographic Resources
			3.2.1.3 Non-NLM Bibliographic Databases
		3.2.2 Web Catalogs and Feeds
		3.2.3 Specialized Registries
	3.3 Full-Text Content
		3.3.1 Periodicals
		3.3.2 Books and Reports
		3.3.3 Web Collections
	3.4 Annotated Content
		3.4.1 Images and Videos
		3.4.2 Citations
		3.4.3 Evidence-Based Medicine Resources
		3.4.4 Molecular Biology and -Omics
		3.4.5 Educational Resources
		3.4.6 Linked Data
		3.4.7 Other Annotated Content
	3.5 Aggregations
		3.5.1 Consumer Health
		3.5.2 Health Professionals
		3.5.3 Body of Knowledge
		3.5.4 Model Organism Databases
		3.5.5 Scientific Information
	References
Chapter 4: Indexing
	4.1 Types of Indexing
	4.2 Factors Influencing Indexing
	4.3 Controlled Vocabularies
		4.3.1 General Principles of Controlled Vocabularies
		4.3.2 The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Vocabulary
		4.3.3 Other Indexing Vocabularies
		4.3.4 The Unified Medical Language System
	4.4 Manual Indexing
		4.4.1 Bibliographic Manual Indexing
		4.4.2 Full-Text Manual Indexing
		4.4.3 Web Manual Indexing
			4.4.3.1 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
			4.4.3.2 Open Directory
			4.4.3.3 User Tagging
			4.4.3.4 Paid Search
		4.4.4 Limitations of Manual Indexing
	4.5 Automated Indexing
		4.5.1 Word Indexing
		4.5.2 Limitations of Word Indexing
		4.5.3 Word Weighting
		4.5.4 Link-Based Indexing
		4.5.5 Web Crawling
	4.6 Indexing Annotated Content
		4.6.1 Index Imaging
		4.6.2 Indexing Learning Objects
		4.6.3 Indexing Biomedical and Health Data
	4.7 Data Structures for Efficient Retrieval
	References
Chapter 5: Retrieval
	5.1 Search Process
	5.2 General Principles of Searching
		5.2.1 Exact-Match Searching
		5.2.2 Partial-Match Searching
		5.2.3 Term Selection
			5.2.3.1 Term Lookup
			5.2.3.2 Term Expansion
			5.2.3.3 Other Word-Related Operators
			5.2.3.4 Subheadings
			5.2.3.5 Explosions
			5.2.3.6 Spelling Correction
		5.2.4 Other Attribute Selection
	5.3 Searching Interfaces
		5.3.1 Bibliographic
			5.3.1.1 Literature Reference Databases
			5.3.1.2 Web Catalogs
			5.3.1.3 Specialized Registries
		5.3.2 Full Text
			5.3.2.1 Periodicals
			5.3.2.2 Textbooks
			5.3.2.3 Web Search Engines
		5.3.3 Annotated
			5.3.3.1 Images
			5.3.3.2 Citations
			5.3.3.3 Molecular Biology and -Omics
			5.3.3.4 Other Databases
		5.3.4 Aggregations
	5.4 Document Delivery
	5.5 Notification or Information Filtering
	References
Chapter 6: Access
	6.1 Libraries
		6.1.1 Definitions and Functions of DLs
	6.2 Access to Content
		6.2.1 Access to Individual Items
		6.2.2 Access to Collections
		6.2.3 Access to Metadata
		6.2.4 Integration with Other Applications
	6.3 Copyright and Intellectual Property
		6.3.1 Copyright and Fair Use
		6.3.2 Digital Rights Management
	6.4 Open Access and Open Science
		6.4.1 Open-Access Publishing
		6.4.2 NIH Public Access Policy
		6.4.3 Predatory Journals
	6.5 Preservation
	6.6 Librarians, Informationists, and Other Professionals
	6.7 Future Directions
	References
Chapter 7: Evaluation
	7.1 Usage Frequency
	7.2 Types of Usage
	7.3 User Satisfaction
	7.4 Searching Quality
		7.4.1 System-Oriented Performance Evaluations
		7.4.2 User-Oriented Performance Evaluations
			7.4.2.1 Early User-Oriented Studies
			7.4.2.2 User Studies Focused on Answering Questions
			7.4.2.3 Other User-Oriented Studies of Clinicians
			7.4.2.4 User-Oriented Studies of Consumers
	7.5 Factors Associated with Success or Failure
		7.5.1 Predictors of Success
		7.5.2 Analysis of Failure
	7.6 Assessment of Impact
	7.7 Research on Relevance
		7.7.1 Topical Relevance
		7.7.2 Situational Relevance
		7.7.3 Research About Relevance Judgments
		7.7.4 Limitations of Relevance-Based Measures
		7.7.5 Automating Relevance Judgments
		7.7.6 Measures of Agreement
	7.8 What Has Been Learned About IR Systems?
	References
Chapter 8: Research
	8.1 Frameworks and Challenge Evaluations
	8.2 Biomedical and Health IR Research
		8.2.1 Early Studies
		8.2.2 Challenge Evaluations in Biomedicine and Health
			8.2.2.1 TREC Genomics Track
			8.2.2.2 TREC Medical Records Track
			8.2.2.3 TREC Clinical Decision Support Track
			8.2.2.4 TREC Precision Medicine Track
			8.2.2.5 CLEF Cross Language Image Retrieval Track (ImageCLEF)
			8.2.2.6 CLEF eHealth Lab Series
		8.2.3 Ad Hoc Retrieval
		8.2.4 Consumer-Oriented
		8.2.5 Image Retrieval
		8.2.6 High-Recall Retrieval
		8.2.7 EHR Retrieval
	8.3 General IR Research
		8.3.1 Overview of Early Research
		8.3.2 Machine Learning: Uncovering Latent Meaning
		8.3.3 Natural Language Processing
		8.3.4 Question-Answering
			8.3.4.1 TREC Question-Answering Track
			8.3.4.2 Recent Question-Answering
			8.3.4.3 Biomedical Question-Answering
		8.3.5 Text Categorization
	8.4 Research Systems and the User
		8.4.1 Early Research
		8.4.2 User Evaluation of Research Systems
		8.4.3 TREC Interactive Track
	8.5 Looking Forward
	References
Index