Informal Social Protection and Poverty

Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	References
2 Theoretical Framework, Literature Review, and Contributions
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Theoretical Framework
	2.3 Literature Review
		2.3.1 Overview of the Literature on Welfare Regimes in Developing Countries
		2.3.2 The Role of Community in Providing Welfare
		2.3.3 Contributions of the Study
	References
3 Conceptualizing Informal Social Protection: A Framework to Compare Formal and Informal Social Protection
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methodology
	3.3 Social Protection
	3.4 Overview and Findings from Literature on Informal Social Protection
	3.5 Synthesizing the Literature; Defining and Reconceptualizing Informal Social Protection
	3.6 Informal Assistance—Sources and Definitions
		3.6.1 Family (Immediate and Extended)
		3.6.2 Religious Institutions
		3.6.3 NGOs (National and International)
	3.7 Informal Insurance—Sources and Definition
		3.7.1 Family (Immediate and Extended)
		3.7.2 Neighborhoods, Friends, and Village Communities
		3.7.3 Religious Organizations
	3.8 Informal Labor Market Measures—Sources and Definitions
		3.8.1 NGOs (Local and International)
		3.8.2 Religious Organizations
	3.9 Limitations
	3.10 Conclusion
	3.11 Putting the Conceptualization into Operation and Devising a Survey Instrument for Data Collection
	References
4 Research Design, Methodology, and Data Collection
	4.1 Introduction—Exploratory Research Design
	4.2 Data Source Identification—Justification of Sample
	4.3 Data Collection and Methodology
	4.4 Ethical Concerns, Quality of the Data, and Bias Reduction
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Madrassas as a Provider of Informal Social Protection in Pakistan
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Secondary Data
	5.3 Madrassas in the Early Islamic Period
		5.3.1 Origins
		5.3.2 Organization of the Madrassa
		5.3.3 Method of Instruction and Contributions
	5.4 Madrassas in the Indian Sub-Continent Before Colonization
	5.5 Impact of Colonization on Madrassas in India
	5.6 Madrassa Development in Pakistan
	5.7 Results and Discussion
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Comparing Formal and Informal Social Protection: Exploring the Usefulness of Informal Social Protection in Pakistan
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Social Protection in Pakistan
	6.3 Results and Discussion
		6.3.1 Socio-Economic Conditions and Risks and Shocks Faced by the Surveyed Households
		6.3.2 Formal and Informal Assistance
		6.3.3 Formal and Informal Insurance
		6.3.4 Formal and Informal Labor Markets
		6.3.5 The Overall Usefulness of Formal and Informal Social Protection
	6.4 Limitations, Conclusions, Policy Implications, and Scope of Future Research
	References
7 Machine Learning-Based Approach for Exploring the Household Survey Data
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Use of Machine Learning in Public Policy—An Overview of the Literature
	7.3 Reasons for Using the K-means Clustering Technique to Explore the Collected Household Survey Data
		7.3.1 K-means Clustering
	7.4 Results
		7.4.1 Description of Clusters
		7.4.2 Household Characteristics of Clusters
		7.4.3 Assets
		7.4.4 Risks and Shocks
		7.4.5 Formal Social Protection Received by the Households Through Various Sources
		7.4.6 Informal Social Protection Received by the Households Through Various Sources
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Determining Multiple Welfare Regimes in Pakistan
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Applying Global Welfare Regime Model to Pakistan’s Context
	8.3 Results and Discussion
		8.3.1 Cluster1—Potential Welfare State Regime
		8.3.2 Cluster2—More Effective Informal Security Regime
		8.3.3 Cluster0—Less Effective Informal Security Regime
		8.3.4 Cluster3—Insecurity Regime
		8.3.5 The Richest in Pakistan
	8.4 Limitations, Conclusions, and Implications
	References
9 Conclusions, Implications, and Avenues of Future Research
	9.1 Conclusions
	9.2 Implications
		9.2.1 Does Informal Social Protection Produce Extremism? A Case for Formal Social Protection
		9.2.2 A Strong and a Weak State Within One Country
		9.2.3 Taxing the Rich—A System of Redistribution
		9.2.4 Better Data and Evidence in Policy-Making
		9.2.5 Reforming the Madrassas—Options and Possibilities
	9.3 Avenues of Future Research
	References
Annexure A Participant Information Sheet
Annexure B
Annexure C Survey Questionnaire for the Households
Part—2
Part—3
Annexure D Survey Questionnaire for the Head of Madrassa
Annexure E
Annexure F
Annexure G Semi Structured Interview Questionnaire
Head of Madrassa
Annexure H
Annexure I