Infectious Diseases: An Evidence based Approach

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Declaration......Page 7
About the Editor......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 11
List of Contributors......Page 19
List of Abbreviations......Page 31
Preface......Page 33
SECTION I INFECTION CONTROL AND USE OF ANTIBIOTICS......Page 35
Abstract......Page 37
Background......Page 39
Methods......Page 40
Results......Page 44
Discussion......Page 51
Acknowledgements......Page 56
Authors’ Contributions......Page 57
References......Page 58
Chapter 2 Hospital-and Patient-Related Factors Associated With
 Differences in Hospital Antibiotic Use: Analysis of National Surveillance
 Results......Page 59
Abstract......Page 60
Background......Page 61
Methods......Page 62
Results......Page 66
Discussion......Page 71
Authors’ Contributions......Page 75
References......Page 76
Chapter 3 Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistant  Healthcare-Associated Infections: The Microbiology  Laboratory Rocks!......Page 81
Introdution......Page 82
Tasks of The Microbiology Laboratory......Page 83
Antibiotic Stewardship Programs......Page 86
Issues on The Laboratory Efficacy......Page 87
Author Contributions......Page 92
References......Page 93
Chapter 4 Global Increase and Geographic Convergence in Antibiotic
 Consumption Between 2000 And 2015......Page 101
Abstract......Page 102
Methods......Page 103
Results......Page 105
Discussion......Page 112
Acknowledgments......Page 117
References......Page 119
Chapter 5 Antibiotic Use and Clinical Outcomes in the Acute Setting Under
 Management by an Infectious Diseases Acute Physician Versus
 Other Clinical Teams: A Cohort Study......Page 123
Introduction......Page 124
Methods......Page 126
Results......Page 130
Discussion......Page 138
Acknowledgments......Page 141
References......Page 142
Chapter 6 Evaluation of Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance In Patients
 With Nosocomial Infections Caused Bypseudomonas
 Aeruginosa......Page 145
Introduction......Page 146
Material and Methods......Page 148
Results......Page 150
Discussion......Page 155
Authors’ Contributions......Page 160
References......Page 161
Abstract......Page 167
Mechanisms by Which Existing Vaccines Can Address the
 Amr Problem......Page 168
Prospects For Gaining Similar Benefits With New or
 Improved Vaccines Against Other Amr Pathogens......Page 172
Targeting Vaccines Selectively to Resistant Clones or Directly
 Against Factors Mediating Resistance: A Novel Approach
 to Controlling AMR......Page 174
Synergy Between Passive or Vaccine-Induced Antibodies and
 Antimicrobials in Treating or Preventing
 Amr Infections......Page 177
Research and Policy Needs......Page 178
Conclusion......Page 180
References......Page 181
SECTION II TB INFECTION......Page 193
Abstract......Page 195
Introduction......Page 196
History of Antibiotic Development From Penicillin to Streptomycin......Page 197
History of Chemotherapeutic Development From
 Arsphenamine to PAS......Page 200
The First Combined Antimicrobial Regimen......Page 202
The Path to Modern Antimicrobial Therapy for Tuberculosis......Page 203
Lessons From The History of Combination Therapy......Page 205
Acknowledgments......Page 208
References......Page 209
Chapter 9 Antibiotic Treatment For Tuberculosis Induces A Profound
 Dysbiosis of the Microbiome That Persists Long After
 Therapy Is Completed......Page 217
Introduction......Page 218
Results......Page 221
Discussion......Page 234
Methods......Page 236
Acknowledgements......Page 241
References......Page 242
Chapter 10 Genomic Insight Into Mechanisms Of Reversion Of Antibiotic
 Resistance In Multidrug Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
 Induced by a Nanomolecular Iodine-Containing Complex FS-1......Page 247
Introduction......Page 248
Materials and Methods......Page 251
Results......Page 256
Discussion......Page 262
Author Contributions......Page 264
Acknowledgments......Page 265
References......Page 266
Chapter 11 Effector Mechanisms of Neutrophils within the Innate Immune System in
 Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection......Page 271
Abstract......Page 272
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps And Its Effector Functions......Page 273
Cytokines Modulating The Functions Of Neutrophils......Page 274
Neutrophils Apoptosis And Phagocytosis Induced Cell Death......Page 275
Genotypic Changes Affecting Neutrophil Functions......Page 276
Neutrophils And Granulomatous Responses Against M. Tb Infection......Page 277
Hiv Infection And Type 2 Diabetes Association With Neutrophil
 Immune Responses To M. Tb......Page 278
Concluding Remarks......Page 279
Author Contributions......Page 280
References......Page 281
Chapter 12 Discriminating Active Tuberculosis From Latent Tuberculosis
 Infection By Flow Cytometric Measurement of
 Cd161-Expressing T Cells......Page 287
Introduction......Page 288
Results......Page 290
Discussion......Page 296
Methods......Page 298
Acknowledgements......Page 299
References......Page 300
Abstract......Page 303
Introduction......Page 304
Establishment And Persistence of Latent M. Tuberculosis infection......Page 305
New Dynamic Model of Latent Tuberculosis Infection......Page 313
Diagnosis of Latent M. Tuberculosis Infection......Page 315
Treatment of Latent M. Tuberculosis Infection......Page 320
Future Prospects......Page 324
Conclusion......Page 325
Acknowledgements......Page 326
References......Page 327
SECTION III PNEUMONIA MANAGEMENT......Page 349
Abstract......Page 351
Introduction......Page 352
Microbial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)......Page 353
Microbial Etiology of Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)......Page 358
Laboratory Diagnosis of Pneumonia......Page 363
Author Contributions......Page 369
References......Page 370
Abstract......Page 381
Scope Of The Clinical Problem......Page 382
Respiratory Microbiome Research In The ICU......Page 384
A Translational Roadmap Ahead......Page 386
Acknowledgments......Page 388
References......Page 389
Chapter 16 Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Diagnostic
 Yields of Microbiological Methods: A 3-Year Prospective Study in
 Norway......Page 393
Abstract......Page 394
Background......Page 395
Methods......Page 396
Results......Page 399
Discussion......Page 409
Authors’ Contributions......Page 413
References......Page 414
Abstract......Page 419
Introduction......Page 420
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)......Page 421
Procalcitonin (PCT)......Page 423
Soluble Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1  (Strem-1)......Page 426
Other Biomarkers......Page 428
Copeptin And Midregional Pro-Atrialnatriuretic Peptide (Mr-Proanp)......Page 429
Cortisol......Page 430
Acknowledgment......Page 431
References......Page 432
Chapter 18 Distribution and Determinants of Pneumonia Diagnosis
 Using Integrated Management of Childhood Illness
 Guidelines: A Nationally Representative Study in Malawi......Page 441
Abstract......Page 442
Background......Page 443
Methods......Page 444
Results......Page 450
Discussion......Page 456
Conclusions......Page 461
References......Page 462
Index......Page 469