Infectious Diseases of Dromedary Camels: A Concise Guide

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
1: Evolution, Distribution, and Economic Importance of the Camels
	1.1 History of the Old-World Camelids (OWC): Starting Point North America
	1.2 A Beast of Burden
	1.3 A True Ship of the Deserts
	1.4 The World Camel Population
	1.5 The Virtues of the Camel
	1.6 The Importance of this Multipurpose Animal: The Camel
	1.7 Some Significant Camel Products
		1.7.1 Milk
		1.7.2 Meat
	1.8 Hair, Wool, Skin, and Hides
		1.8.1 Hair Wool (Fiber)
		1.8.2 Hides
	1.9 Racing Camels
	References
Part I: Viral Diseases of Dromedary Camels
	2: Camel Pox
		2.1 Etiology
		2.2 Modes of Transmission
		2.3 Clinical Picture
		2.4 Differential Diagnosis
		2.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		2.6 Epidemiology
		2.7 Diagnosis
			2.7.1 Gel-based PCR
		2.8 Zoonotic Potentiality
		2.9 Treatment
		2.10 Prevention
		2.11 Notification
		References
	3: Camel Contagious Ecthyma
		3.1 Etiology
		3.2 Modes of Transmission
		3.3 Clinical Picture
		3.4 Differential Diagnosis
		3.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		3.6 Epidemiology
		3.7 Diagnosis
		3.8 Zoonotic Potentiality
		3.9 Treatment
		3.10 Prevention
		3.11 Notification
		References
	4: Camel Papillomatosis
		4.1 Etiology
		4.2 Modes of Transmission
		4.3 Clinical Picture
		4.4 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		4.5 Epidemiology
		4.6 Diagnosis
		4.7 Differential Diagnosis
		4.8 Zoonotic Potentiality
		4.9 Treatment and Control
		4.10 Notification
		References
	5: Rabies
		5.1 Etiology
		5.2 Modes of Transmission
		5.3 Clinical Picture
		5.4 Differential Diagnosis
		5.5 Epidemiology
		5.6 Diagnosis
		5.7 Zoonotic Potentiality
		5.8 Treatment
		5.9 Control
		5.10 Prevention
		5.11 Notification
		References
	6: Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
		6.1 Etiology
		6.2 Modes of Transmission
		6.3 Clinical Picture
		6.4 Differential Diagnosis
		6.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		6.6 Epidemiology
		6.7 Diagnosis
		6.8 Zoonotic Potentiality
		6.9 Treatment
		6.10 Prevention
		6.11 Notification
		References
	7: Rift Valley Fever
		7.1 Etiology
		7.2 Mode of Transmission
		7.3 Clinical Picture
		7.4 Differential Diagnosis
		7.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		7.6 Epidemiology
		7.7 Diagnosis
		7.8 Zoonotic Potentiality
		7.9 Treatment
		7.10 Prevention
		7.11 Notification
		References
	8: MERS-CoV Infection
		8.1 Etiology
		8.2 Modes of Transmission
		8.3 Clinical Picture
		8.4 Differential Diagnosis
		8.5 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		8.6 Diagnosis
		8.7 Zoonotic Potentiality
		8.8 Treatment
		8.9 Prevention
		8.10 Notification
		References
	9: Camel Prion Disease (CPrD)
		9.1 Etiology
		9.2 Clinical Picture
		9.3 Diagnosis
		9.4 Zoonotic Potentiality
		References
Part II: Bacterial Diseases of Dromedary Camels
	10: Anthrax
		10.1 Modes of Transmission
		10.2 Clinical Picture
		10.3 Pathology
		10.4 Diagnosis
		10.5 Differential Diagnosis
		10.6 Treatment
		10.7 Prevention and Control
		10.8 Notification
		References
	11: Botulism
		11.1 Etiology
		11.2 Modes of Transmission
		11.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		11.4 Diagnosis
		11.5 Treatment and Prevention
		11.6 Notification
		References
	12: Brucellosis (Brucella abortus and Br. melitensis)
		12.1 Etiology
		12.2 Modes of Transmission
		12.3 Zoonotic Potentiality
		12.4 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		12.5 Diagnosis
		12.6 Treatment and Control
		References
	13: Caseous Lymphadenitis (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
		13.1 Etiology
		13.2 Modes of Transmission
		13.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		13.4 Diagnosis
		13.5 Treatment
		13.6 Prevention and Control
		References
	14: Chlamydiosis (Chlamydophila abortus)
		14.1 Etiology
		14.2 Clinical Picture
		14.3 Pathogenesis
		14.4 Diagnosis
		14.5 Zoonotic Potential
		14.6 Treatment and Control
		References
	15: Clostridial Enterotoxemia
		15.1 Etiology
		15.2 Clinical Picture
		15.3 Pathology
		15.4 Diagnosis
		15.5 Treatment and Control
		References
	16: Colibacillosis
		16.1 Etiology
		16.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		16.3 Diagnosis
		16.4 Zoonotic Potentiality
		16.5 Treatment and Control
		References
	17: Contagious Skin Necrosis (CSN)
		17.1 Etiology
		17.2 Modes of Transmission
		17.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		17.4 Diagnosis
		17.5 Treatment and Prevention
		References
	18: Coxiellosis (Q-Fever) (Coxiella burnetii Infection)
		18.1 Etiology
		18.2 Pathogenesis
		18.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		18.4 Diagnosis
		18.5 Treatment and Control
		References
	19: Dermatophilosis (Dermatophilus congolensis)
		19.1 Etiology
		19.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		19.3 Diagnosis
		19.4 Treatment and Control
		19.5 Zoonotic Potentiality
		References
	20: Endotoxicosis in Camels (Hemorrhagic Disease; Hemorrhagic Diathesis; Bodus cereus Intoxication)
		20.1 Etiology
		20.2 Clinical Picture
		20.3 Pathology
		20.4 Diagnosis
		20.5 Treatment and Prevention
		References
	21: Burkholderiosis (Glander´s Disease)
		21.1 Etiology and Zoonotic Potential
		21.2 Clinical Picture
		21.3 Diagnosis
		21.4 Prevention and Control
		21.5 Zoonotic Potentiality
		21.6 Notification
		References
	22: Leptospirosis (Weil´s Disease)
		22.1 Etiology
		22.2 Modes of Transmission
		22.3 Clinical Picture
		22.4 Diagnosis
		22.5 Treatment and Control
		References
	23: Listeriosis (Circling Disease)
		23.1 Etiology
		23.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		23.3 Zoonotic Potentiality
		23.4 Listeriosis in New World Camelids
		23.5 Diagnosis
		23.6 Treatment and Control
		References
	24: Mastitis
		24.1 Etiology
		24.2 Clinical Picture
		24.3 Diagnosis
		24.4 Treatment and Control
		References
	25: Melioidosis (Whitmore Disease; Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection)
		25.1 Etiology
		25.2 Clinical Signs and Pathological Lesions
		25.3 Diagnosis
		25.4 Treatment and Prevention
		References
	26: Mycoplasmosis
		26.1 Etiology
		26.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		26.3 Diagnosis
		26.4 Treatment
		References
	27: Paratuberculosis (Johne´s Disease)
		27.1 Etiology
		27.2 Modes of Transmission
		27.3 Clinical Picture
		27.4 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		27.5 Diagnosis
		27.6 Zoonotic Potentiality
		27.7 Treatment and Control
		References
	28: Pasteurellosis (Hemorrhagic Septicemia)
		28.1 Etiology
		28.2 Clinical Picture
		28.3 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		28.4 Diagnosis
		28.5 Treatment and Control
		References
	29: Rickettsial Diseases
		29.1 Heartwater
			29.1.1 Clinical Picture
			29.1.2 Diagnosis
			29.1.3 Treatment and Control
		29.2 Anaplasmosis
			29.2.1 Clinical Picture and Diagnosis
			29.2.2 Treatment
		References
	30: Salmonellosis
		30.1 Etiology
		30.2 Clinical Picture
		30.3 Pathogenesis and Pathology
		30.4 Diagnosis
		30.5 Treatment
		References
	31: Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
		31.1 Etiology
		31.2 Pathogenesis
		31.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		31.4 Diagnosis
		31.5 Treatment and Prevention
		References
	32: Tuberculosis
		32.1 Etiology
		32.2 Modes of Transmission
		32.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		32.4 Diagnosis
		32.5 Zoonotic Potential
		32.6 Treatment and Prevention
		32.7 Notification
		References
	33: Yersinia pestis (Camel Plague)
		33.1 Modes of Transmission
		33.2 Transmission of Plague from Camels to Man
		33.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		33.4 Diagnosis
		33.5 Treatment and Control
		References
Part III: Fungal Diseases of Dromedary Camels
	34: Ringworm (Dermatomycosis)
		34.1 Etiology
		34.2 Modes of Transmission
		34.3 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		34.4 Diagnosis
		34.5 Treatment
		References
	35: Aspergillosis
		35.1 Modes of Transmission
		35.2 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		35.3 Diagnosis
		35.4 Treatment and Control
		References
	36: Candidiasis (Moniliasis)
		36.1 Etiology
		36.2 Modes of Transmission
		36.3 Clinical Picture
		36.4 Diagnosis
		36.5 Treatment and Control
		References
	37: Cryptococcosis
		37.1 Etiology
		37.2 Clinical Picture
		37.3 Diagnosis
		37.4 Treatment
		References
Part IV: Ectoparasitic Diseases of Dromedary Camels
	38: Mange Mite Infestation (Sarcoptes, Demodex, Psoroptes, and Chorioptes)
		38.1 Introduction to Ectoparasites of Dromedary Camels
		38.2 Sarcoptic Mange
			38.2.1 Etiology
			38.2.2 Modes of Transmission
			38.2.3 Sites of Infection
			38.2.4 Factors Affecting Mange Infection
			38.2.5 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		38.3 Demodectic Mange
			38.3.1 Modes of Transmission
			38.3.2 Clinical Picture
			38.3.3 Site of Infection
			38.3.4 Factors Affecting Infection
		38.4 Psoroptic and Chorioptic Mange
		38.5 Diagnosis
			38.5.1 Clinical Diagnosis
			38.5.2 Laboratory Diagnosis
		38.6 Differential Diagnosis
		38.7 Treatment and Control
		References
	39: Tick Infestation
		39.1 Etiology
		39.2 Site of Infection
		39.3 Tick Collection and Identification
		39.4 Clinical Picture and Pathology
		39.5 Gross Lesions
		39.6 Histopathology
		39.7 Tick Paralysis
		39.8 Health Effects
		References
	40: Fly Infestation (Myiasis)
		40.1 Dipterous Flies Which May Be Associated with Myiasis in the Dromedary Camel
		40.2 Diagnosis
		40.3 Treatment
		References
	41: Louse and Flea Infestations
		References
Part V: Endoparasitic Diseases of Dromedary Camels
	42: Gastrointestinal Helminths (Haemonchosis)
		42.1 Introduction
		42.2 Mixed Infections
		42.3 Haemonchosis
			42.3.1 Etiology
			42.3.2 Modes of Transmission
			42.3.3 Clinical Picture
			42.3.4 Pathology and Pathogenesis
			42.3.5 Epidemiology
			42.3.6 Diagnosis
				42.3.6.1 Coproscopic Methods
				42.3.6.2 Immunological Methods
				42.3.6.3 Molecular Methods
			42.3.7 Control
		References
	43: Extraintestinal Helminths
		43.1 Helminth Infection of the Liver
		43.2 Helminth Infection of the Respiratory Tract
		43.3 Helminth Infection of the Circulatory System
		43.4 Dipetalonemiosis
			43.4.1 Etiology
			43.4.2 Modes of Transmission
			43.4.3 Clinical Picture
			43.4.4 Pathology and Pathogenesis
			43.4.5 Epidemiology
			43.4.6 Diagnosis
			43.4.7 Control
		43.5 Helminth Infection of the Nervous System
		43.6 Helminth Infection of the Eye
		43.7 Helminth Infection of Muscles
		43.8 Helminth Infection of Subcutaneous Connective Tissues
		43.9 Anthelmintic Treatment of Helminth Infection
		References
	44: Gastrointestinal and Tissue Protozoa
		44.1 Gastrointestinal Protozoa
			44.1.1 Eimeria, Isospora, and Giardia spp. Infections
			44.1.2 Cryptosporidium Infection
				44.1.2.1 Etiology
				44.1.2.2 Modes of Transmission
				44.1.2.3 Clinical Picture
				44.1.2.4 Pathology and Pathogenesis
				44.1.2.5 Epidemiology
				44.1.2.6 Diagnosis
				44.1.2.7 Control
		44.2 Tissue Protozoa
		References
	45: Endoparasitic Arthropods
		45.1 Linguatula serrata Infection in Camels (Halzoon; Marara Syndrome)
		Reference
Part VI: Blood Parasites of Dromedary Camels
	46: Trypanosomosis
		46.1 Etiology
			46.1.1 Classification of the Trypanosoma
			46.1.2 Morphology and Structure
			46.1.3 Origin and Development of Significant Structures
			46.1.4 Trypanosoma evansi Type A and B
		46.2 Epidemiology
		46.3 Zoonotic Potentiality
		46.4 Modes of Transmission
		46.5 Clinical Picture
		46.6 Pathology
			46.6.1 Gross Lesions and Histopathological Findings
		46.7 Immunosuppression
		46.8 Diagnosis
			46.8.1 Methods for the Diagnosis of Trypanosomosis
		46.9 Treatment
			46.9.1 Trypanocides
			46.9.2 Aromatic Diamidine Compounds
			46.9.3 Phenanthridine Compounds
			46.9.4 Sulfonic Acids (Aminoquinaldine Derivates)
			46.9.5 Arsenicals
			46.9.6 Traditional Medicine
		46.10 Control
		References
			Further Readings
	47: Tick-Borne Diseases
		47.1 Clinical Picture
		47.2 Diagnosis
		47.3 Treatment
		References
Part VII: Multi-factorial Diseases of Dromedary Camels
	48: The Respiratory Disease
		48.1 Clinical Picture
		48.2 Diagnosis
		48.3 Treatment
		References
	49: Neonatal Diarrhea
		49.1 Etiology
		49.2 Clinical Picture
		49.3 Diagnosis
		49.4 Treatment
		References