Infectious Diseases

Series Preface
Contents
About the Editor-in-Chief
About the Editor
Contributors
Infectious Diseases: Introduction
	Introduction
	Bibliography
Infectious Disease Modeling
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	The SIR Model
	Host Heterogeneity
	Within-Host Dynamics
	Multilevel Models
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
		Primary Literature
		Books and Reviews
Biological Controls and Standards for the Study and Control of Infectious Diseases
	Glossary
	Definition and Importance of Subject
	Introduction
	Emerging Infections: Immune Responses in SARS2 Vaccine Trials
	Diagnostic Detection Methods: Nucleic Acid Detection and Hepatitis C
	Potency of Vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
	Preparation and Establishment of International Standards
		Identification of the Project
		Approval of the Project by WHO
		Starting Material
		Filling the Vials
	The Collaborative Study: Participating Laboratories
	The Collaborative Study: Study Samples
	The Collaborative Study: The Assays
	The Collaborative Study: The Report
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Next-Generation Sequencing in the Study of Infectious Diseases
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	Sample Preprocessing
	Library Preparation and Sequencing
	Bioinformatics Analyses: Viroinformatics
		Virus-Specific Databases
		Obtaining Viral Sequences
		Virome Discovery
		Phylogenetic Analysis
	Conclusions
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Infectious Diseases, Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches to Rapid Diagnostics
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
		Importance of Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
	Introduction
		Classical Culture-Based Diagnostics
		Antibody-Based Diagnostics
		Molecular Diagnostics
		Limitations of Classical and Conventional Diagnostics
	Spectroscopy-Based Diagnostics
		Infrared Spectroscopy
		Raman Spectroscopy
		SERS
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
		Primary Literature
		Books and Reviews
Syndromic Surveillance of Infectious Diseases
	Glossary Terms
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	Data Retrieval and Analysis in Syndromic Surveillance
	Applications of Syndromic Surveillance
		Continuous Disease Surveillance
		Active Case Finding Using Syndromic Surveillance
		Situational Awareness
		Detection of Infectious Diseases Among Specific Populations
			Mass Gatherings
			Migrant Populations
	Web-Based Developments
	Conclusions
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Antibiotics for Emerging Pathogens
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
		Factors Contributing to Increased Antibiotic Resistance
		Mechanisms by Which Microorganisms Develop Resistance to Antibiotics
	Emerging Targets of Antibiotic Molecules
		Microbial Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibition
		Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Inhibition
		Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibition
	Emerging Chemical Classes of Antibiotic Molecules
		Peptidic Antibiotics
		Polyketide Antibiotics
		Trojan Horse Antibiotics
	Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
Climate Change Effects on Infectious Diseases
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
	Introduction
	Weather, Climate, and Disease
		Spatial
		Temporal-Seasonal
		Temporal-Interannual
		Intensity
	Climate Change and Disease
		Effects on Pathogens
		Effects on Hosts
		Effects on Vectors
		Effects on Epidemiological Dynamics
		Indirect Effects
	Other Drivers of Disease
	Climate Change and Disease in Wildlife
		Wildlife Disease as a Cause of Endangerment
		Wildlife Disease as a Source of Infections for Humans and Livestock
		How Climate Change Can Influence Wildlife Disease
		Dependency of Disease on Climate: The Example of Chytridiomycosis in Amphibians
	Evidence of Climate Change´s Impact on Disease
		Bluetongue
		Malaria
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
		Primary Literature
		Books and Reviews
Malaria Vaccines
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	The Malaria Life Cycle
	Pathogenesis and Disease
	Epidemiology
	Immunity
	Early Malaria Vaccines
	Obstacles to Malaria Vaccines
	Preerythrocytic Vaccines
	Blood Stage Vaccines
	Placental Malaria Vaccines
	Transmission-Blocking Vaccines
	Multistage, Multi-Antigen Vaccines
	Whole-Organism Vaccines
	Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
		Primary Literature
		Books and Reviews
Sustainable Radical Cure of the Latent Malarias
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	Malaria
	Disease
	Treatment
	The 8-Aminoquinolines
		Plasmochin
		Primaquine
		Tafenoquine
	G6PD Deficiency as a Chemotherapeutics Problem
	Military Medicine
	Repurposed Tafenoquine
	Beneficiaries
	Technological Imperatives
	Perceptions of the Malaria Problem
	Future Directions
	Conclusions
	Bibliography
		Further Reading
Waterborne Plant Viruses of Importance in Agriculture
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	Virus Groups Transmitted Through Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
		Family Tombusviridae
		Family Virgaviridae
		Family Bromoviridae
		Family Alphaflexiviridae
		Family Solemoviridae
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Water-, Sanitation-, and Hygiene-Related Diseases
	Glossary and Acronyms
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
		Global Guidance for the Control and Elimination of WASH-Related Diseases
			Neglected Tropical Diseases
			Mosquito-Borne Diseases
		Progress Against Global Disease Control Targets
	Bacteria: Diarrheal Diseases - Cholera and Typhoid
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Bacteria: Trachoma
		Treatment and Elimination Strategies
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Helminth: Guinea Worm (Dracunculiasis)
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Eradication
	Helminth: Lymphatic Filariasis
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment and Morbidity Management
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Helminth: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Helminth: Schistosomiasis
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Helminth: Soil Transmitted Helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm, and Strongyloides Infections)
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Protozoa: Malaria
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Current Prophylactics
		Bed Nets
		Vector Control
		Progress Towards Elimination
	Virus: Dengue
		Control and Prevention Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Virus: West Nile Fever
		Control Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control
	Virus: Yellow Fever
		Control and Elimination Strategies
		Treatment
		Progress Towards Control and Elimination
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
HIV/AIDS Global Epidemic
	Glossary
	Definition of the Problem
	Introduction
	Basic Virology of HIV
	HIV and the Cause of AIDS
	Epidemiology of the Global HIV Pandemic
		Eastern and Southern Africa
		Asia and Pacific
		Eastern Europe and Central Asia
		The Caribbean
		Latin America
		Western and Central Europe and North America
		Middle East and North Africa
	Prevention of HIV
	WHO´s 90-90-90 Recommendations
	Genetic Diversity of HIV
	Treatment
	HIV Reservoirs and Cure Research
	HIV Vaccine Strategies
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Polio and Its Epidemiology
	Glossary
	A Brief Definition of Polio and Its Importance
	Introduction
	The Epidemiology of Polio
		Structural and Functional Organization of the Poliovirus Genome
		Poliovirus Infections in Cells, Individuals, and Populations
		Poliovirus Infections at the Level of the Host Cell
		Poliovirus Infections at the Level of the Individual Host
		Poliovirus Infections in Populations
	Future Directions: The Endgame Stage of Eradication and Sustainability Afterward
	Concluding Statement
	Bibliography
Tuberculosis, Epidemiology of
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
	Introduction
	Basic and Descriptive Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
		Epidemiological Indicators
	Etiologic Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
		Natural History
		Exposure
		Infection
		Disease
		Mortality
	Tuberculosis/HIV Coinfection
	Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	Control of Tuberculosis
	Global Epidemiological Situation
		Incidence
		Prevalence
		Mortality
		Case Notifications
		Treatment Outcomes
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Paleopathology of Infectious Human Diseases
	Glossary
	Definition and Importance of the Subject
	Introductory Discussion
	M. tuberculosis
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Avian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
		Avian Tumors: Viral and Non-viral Etiology
	The Avian Oncogenic Viruses
	The Immunosuppressive Viruses and Their Impact in Commercial Flocks
	The Diversity of Clinical Signs Prior to Tumor Formation
	Differential Diagnosis Between Tumors Caused by Avian Oncogenic Viruses
		Control by Vaccination
		The Oncogene Carried by MDV
	Multiple Virus Infections: Clinical Manifestations
	Multiple Virus Infections as Revealed by Differential Molecular Diagnosis
	Multiple Virus Infections: Intracellular Consequences
		Molecular Recombination Between Viruses of the Same Species
			Molecular Interactions Between RNA Viruses
			Molecular Interactions Between DNA Viruses
		Molecular Interactions Between DNA and RNA Viruses
			Herpes and Retrovirus Interactions In Vitro and In Vivo
				In Vitro Studies
				In Vivo Studies: The Complexity of In Vivo Systems Versus In Vitro Systems
			Fowlpox Viruses and Retroviruses
	Summary and Future Directions
	Bibliography
Salmonella in Poultry and Other Birds
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	History
	Description
	An Overview of Salmonella Typing: Taxonomy and Public Health Perspectives
	The Salmonella Genome
	Nomenclature and Serotyping
	Detection of Salmonella in Clinical Samples, Animal Feces, and Environmental Samples
	Origin of Salmonella Infection
	Salmonella in Laying Hen Flocks
	Sampling for Salmonella in Laying Houses
		Matrix of Sampling: Feces, Dust
	Salmonella Enteritidis in Chicks
	Salmonella Enteritidis in Adult Chickens
	Salmonella in Table Eggs and the Effect of Temperature
	Salmonella enterica in Chicken Meat
	Control of Salmonella in Poultry
	From Poultry Salmonellosis to Human Salmonellosis: This Is a Food-Borne Human Disease Rather than a Poultry Disease
	Salmonella Prevalence in Israel Poultry Farms
	Salmonella in Wild Birds of Israel
	Pathogenesis of Nontyphoidal Salmonella
	Clinical and Pathological Signs of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Birds
	Fowl Typhoid
	Salmonella Genetics
		Core Genome and Mobile Elements
		Antimicrobial Resistance
		Genotypic and Sequence-Based Typing
		Molecular Mechanisms of Infection, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Virulence Factors
	Future Directions: Prospective Approaches in Salmonella Control
	Bibliography
		Further Reading: Books and Reviews
		Additional Information for Molecular Mechanisms of Infection Found in:
Campylobacter in Poultry and Other Birds
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	History and Classification
	Growth Requirements
	Incidence and Distribution
	Horizontal Transmission
	Vertical Transmission
	Incubation Period
	Clinical Signs and Pathology
	Pathogenesis
	Diagnosis
		Culture-Based Isolation and Detection Methods
	Immunological Methods for the Detection of Campylobacter
	Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostic Methods
	Campylobacter in Israel Poultry Farms
	Intervention Strategies, Prospective Approaches, and Future Directions
	Bibliography
Newcastle Disease Virus
	Glossary
	A Brief Definition of NDV and Its Importance
	Introduction
	Structural and Functional Organization of the NDV Genome
	Phylogenetic Classification
	NDV Infection at the Level of the Host
		Viral Infection
		Active Immunity
		Passive Immunity
	NDV Infection in Bird Populations
	NDV Diagnosis
	NDV Prevention
		Vaccines and Vaccination
		Biosecurity and Eradication
	NDV as an Oncolytic Agent
	Future Directions
	Bibliography
Vector-Borne Diseases in Ruminants
	Glossary
	Definition of the Subject
	Introduction
	Tick-Borne Diseases
		Introduction
		Protozoan Parasites
		Bacterial Pathogens
		Viral Pathogens
			Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
	Mosquito-Borne Diseases
		Introduction
		Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
		Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF)
	Culicoides (Biting Midges)-Borne Diseases
		Introduction
		Bluetongue
		Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
		Simbu Serogroup Viruses
	Tsetse Flies
		Introduction
		Trypanosomosis
	Arthropod-Borne Helminthic Infections
		Introduction
		Dicrocoelium Spp.
		Parafilaria Bovicola
		Thelazia Spp.
	Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Disease in Ruminants
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	Bibliography
Index