Infectious disease and host-pathogen evolution

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Introduction......Page 17
MALARIA......Page 19
VIRULENCE......Page 21
FURTHER RESEARCH......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
PART ONE J. B. S. HALDANE......Page 25
ONE Haldane’s Ideas in Biology with Special Reference to Disease and Evolution......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 32
THE MALARIA HYPOTHESIS......Page 34
INHERITED DISORDERS OF HEMOGLOBIN......Page 36
EARLY ATTEMPTS TO TEST THE MALARIA HYPOTHESIS......Page 37
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MALARIA HYPOTHESIS......Page 38
HOW DO THE HEMOGLOBIN DISORDERS PROTECT AGAINST MALARIA INFECTION?......Page 40
EXTENDING THE MALARIA HYPOTHESIS......Page 42
BEYOND MALARIA......Page 44
EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS......Page 45
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
PART TWO MALARIAL PARASITES......Page 53
THREE Evolutionary Genetics of Plasmodium falciparum, the Agent of Malignant Malaria......Page 55
GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS IN P. FALCIPARUM: RECENT GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF MALIGNANT MALARIA......Page 64
NATURAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANTIGENIC GENES......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 84
INTRODUCTION......Page 91
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON PLASMODIUM......Page 92
POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES OF PLASMODIUM......Page 100
The Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1)......Page 105
The Circumsporosoite Protein (CSP)......Page 108
The Merozoite Surface Protein 1 (MSP-1)......Page 112
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES IN MALARIAL PARASITES......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 121
THE ROLE OF G6PD IN MALARIA RESISTANCE......Page 129
MOLECULAR SIGNATURES OF NATURAL SELECTION......Page 134
RFLP HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS AT G6PD......Page 135
MICROSATELLITE HAPLOTYPE ANALYSIS AT G6PD......Page 137
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF G6PD MICROSATELLITE HAPLOTYPES......Page 140
NUCLEOTIDE DIVERSITY AT G6PD......Page 143
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGINS OF MALARIAL RESISTANCE......Page 146
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 151
INTRODUCTION......Page 157
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON PLASMODIUM VIVAX......Page 158
Malaria Fever Therapy Trials......Page 159
Resistance to Plasmodium vivax......Page 160
Plasmodium vivax Malaria......Page 161
Distribution of P. vivax......Page 163
Recognition of Duffy Blood Group Polymorphism – Serology......Page 164
Population Surveys – Distribution of Duffy Blood Group Polymorphism......Page 165
The Genetic Resistance Factor to P. vivax – The Duffy Blood Group......Page 167
Identification of the Duffy Gene: Molecular Biology......Page 169
Duffy Expression and Cell Biology......Page 172
P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein......Page 173
Origin of the Human Malarial Parasite, P. vivax......Page 174
Origins of Duffy Negativity......Page 175
Emergence and Evolution of FY A…in P. vivax–Endemic Regions of Papua New Guinea......Page 177
CONCLUSIONS......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 179
PART THREE OTHER PARASITES......Page 189
SUBTYPES......Page 191
AVIAN INFLUENZA......Page 192
EVOLUTION IN SWINE AND HORSES......Page 193
HOST SPECIFICITY......Page 194
HUMAN INFLUENZA......Page 195
1918 H1N1 “Spanish Flu” Pandemic......Page 196
1957 H2N2 “Asian Flu” and 1968 H3N2 “Hong Kong Flu” Pandemics......Page 197
REAPPEARANCE OF H1N1......Page 198
SEROARCHAEOLOGY......Page 199
EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA......Page 200
ANTIGENIC DRIFT......Page 202
TARGETS OF SELECTION......Page 205
BARRIERS TO STUDYING INFLUENZA EVOLUTION......Page 206
EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY ON INFLUENZA EVOLUTION......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
INTRODUCTION......Page 214
CLASSIFICATION......Page 215
FREE-LIVING AQUATIC LIFE STYLE......Page 216
HUMAN PATHOGENIC LIFE STYLE......Page 217
EVOLUTION OF PATHOGENIC VIBRIO CHOLERAE......Page 219
CTX Phi......Page 221
TCP PATHOGENICITY ISLAND......Page 222
ENVIRONMENTAL STRAINS CARRYING VARIANTS OF CTX Phi AND VPI......Page 223
COORDINATE REGULATION OF V. CHOLERAE GENES......Page 225
GENETICS OF THE CELL SURFACE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES......Page 226
MICROEVOLUTION IN VIBRIO CHOLERAE......Page 227
EVOLUTIONARY SIGNATURES IN THE WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCE......Page 228
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
INTRODUCTION......Page 238
THE DAPHNIA-MICROPARASITE SYSTEM......Page 239
Among Population Variation......Page 240
Within Population Variation......Page 241
EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS AND RELATED PHENOMENA......Page 246
Host Dynamics......Page 247
Parasite Dynamics......Page 249
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 253
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SEVERE DISEASE DURING AN OUTBREAK OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN A SUDANESE VILLAGE......Page 257
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IS DETERMINED BY A MAJOR SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCUS......Page 260
GENETIC CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI INFECTION LEVELS BY GENES ON CHROMOSOME 5q31-q33......Page 263
PHENOTYPIC HETEROGENEITY IN PERIPORTAL FIBROSIS IN SUBJECTS INFECTED BY S. MANSONI......Page 265
SEVERE HEPATIC FIBROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH S. MANSONI INFECTION IS CONTROLLED BY A MAJOR LOCUS (SM2) THAT IS CLOSELY LINKED TO THE INTERFERON-Gamma RECEPTOR (IFNGR1) GENE......Page 267
CONCLUSION......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 273
PART FOUR GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 279
INTRODUCTION......Page 281
NATURAL SELECTION ON VIRULENCE......Page 282
Parasite Genetics?......Page 283
Selection for Virulence?......Page 285
Selection against Virulence?......Page 286
VACCINATION AND VIRULENCE EVOLUTION: THEORY......Page 289
VACCINATION AND VIRULENCE EVOLUTION: ASSUMPTIONS......Page 294
OTHER DISEASES......Page 295
ANTI-TOXIN VACCINES......Page 300
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 301
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 303
INTRODUCTION......Page 309
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIVERSITY BETWEEN REGULATORY AND CODING DNA......Page 311
HOW REGULATORY DNA INFLUENCES THE IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF INFECTION......Page 312
PROMOTER DIMORPHISM......Page 313
FISHING FOR PROMOTER DIVERSIFICATION USING THE WHOLE GENOME......Page 315
HOW DO TFs BIND TO DNA, AND HOW DOES THAT AFFECT DNA STRUCTURE?......Page 317
RECOMBINATION SIGNAL SEQUENCE VARIABILITY......Page 318
FROM INFORMATICS TO EXPERIMENT, AND BACK AGAIN......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 320
ABO BLOOD GROUPS......Page 323
HYPERNORMAL CONTROLS......Page 325
GROUP DIFFERENCES......Page 327
POSITIONAL CLONING......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS......Page 331
THE SEARCH FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES......Page 332
THE DISTRIBUTION OF OVERALL DIVERSITY IN THE HUMAN SPECIES......Page 333
DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND AMONG HUMAN POPULATIONS......Page 335
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 337
GLOSSARY......Page 338
REFERENCES......Page 339
EVOLUTIONARY PRESSURE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND FITNESS......Page 341
DIABETES MELLITUS: A CASE STUDY......Page 346
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF T1DM......Page 347
THE ETIOLOGY OF T1DM......Page 348
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF T2DM......Page 349
THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT OF T2DM......Page 351
THE ETIOLOGY OF T2DM......Page 352
INFECTION AND T2DM......Page 353
CONCLUSIONS......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 355
CULTURAL VS. GENETIC EVOLUTION......Page 359
RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTION: OUT OF AFRICA 2......Page 361
PROBABLE SINGLE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMAN LANGUAGE......Page 362
MEDICINE AND NATURAL SELECTION......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 366
Index......Page 369