Industrial Scale Natural Products Extraction

Cover......Page 1
Industrial Scale Natural Products Extraction......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
List of Contributors......Page 17
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2 Cultivation......Page 26
1.3.1 Solvents......Page 28
1.4 Extraction Techniques......Page 35
1.5.1.1 Adsorption Chromatography......Page 37
1.5.1.3 Ion Exchange Chromatography......Page 38
1.5.2 Continuous Techniques......Page 39
1.5.2.2 Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) Chromatography......Page 40
1.5.2.4 Carrousel Adsorbers......Page 42
References......Page 44
2.2.1 Solubility of a Pure Solute in Solvents and Solvent Mixtures......Page 47
2.2.3 Solubility of Racemic Compounds......Page 49
2.3.1.1 Hard-Chain Contribution Ahc......Page 50
2.3.1.3 Association Contribution Aassoc......Page 51
2.3.2 Estimation of PC-SAFT Parameters......Page 53
2.4.1 Solubility of Estriol, Estrone, and Sitosterol in Different Solvents......Page 55
2.4.2 Solubility of Beta-carotene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide......Page 57
2.4.3 Solubility of Paracetamol in Pure Solvents and Solvent Mixtures......Page 60
2.4.4 Solubility of dl-Methionine as Function of pH......Page 64
2.4.5 Solubility of Mandelic Acid Enantiomers and Racemic Mandelic Acid in Water......Page 65
Latin Symbols......Page 69
Subscripts......Page 70
Hard-chain Reference Contribution......Page 71
Dispersion Contribution......Page 72
References......Page 73
3.1 Introduction......Page 75
3.2 Ionic Liquids in the Extraction of Natural Compounds from Plant and Fungi......Page 76
3.2.1.1 Physicochemical Properties......Page 77
3.2.1.2 Environmental and Safety Aspects......Page 80
3.2.2.2 Removal of Target Substance from Extract and Separation of Solvent from Spent Biomass......Page 81
3.2.2.3 Example 1: Extraction of Artemisinin......Page 82
3.2.2.4 Example 2: Extraction of Lignin......Page 84
3.3 Surfactants and Aqueous Two-Phase Systems in Plant Extraction......Page 85
3.3.1 Characteristics of Surfactant–Water Mixtures......Page 87
3.3.2 Behavior of Nonionic Surfactants in Aqueous Solution......Page 91
3.3.3 Micellar Extraction and Cloud Point Extraction......Page 93
3.3.4 Reversed Micellar Extraction......Page 94
3.3.5 Equilibrium Partition of Target Substances in Aqueous Surfactant Solutions......Page 95
3.3.6.1 Plant Extraction Using Micellar and Cloud Point Extraction......Page 97
3.3.6.2 Plant Extraction Using Reverse Micelles......Page 100
3.4 Summary......Page 103
References......Page 104
4.1 Introduction......Page 107
4.2 Supercritical Fluids......Page 110
4.2.1 General......Page 111
4.2.2 Physical Properties......Page 113
4.2.3 Solvent Power and Solubility......Page 114
4.3 Physical Properties – Mass Transfer Characteristics......Page 115
4.4.1 Pre-Treatment......Page 119
4.4.1.1 Mechanical Pre-treatment......Page 120
4.4.1.2 Thermal and Hydrothermal Treatment......Page 123
4.4.2 Extraction......Page 124
4.4.3 Separation......Page 126
4.4.4.3 Stabilization......Page 127
4.5.1 Process Concept......Page 128
4.5.2 Pressurization and Depressurization......Page 129
4.5.3 CO2 Recycle Loop......Page 130
4.5.4 Scale-Up......Page 131
4.6 Applications......Page 133
References......Page 140
5.1 Introduction......Page 143
5.2 Chromatographic Screening......Page 152
5.3 Preparative Task......Page 154
5.3.1 Crude Mixture Pre-Treatment......Page 157
5.3.2 Final Purification of the End Product......Page 159
5.3.2.2 Annular Chromatography......Page 160
5.3.2.3 Steady-State Recycling Chromatography......Page 161
5.3.2.4 Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) Chromatography......Page 162
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 163
5.4.2 Choice of Extracting Agent......Page 164
5.4.2.1 Selection Criteria......Page 165
5.4.3 Data of Chemical and Physical Properties......Page 166
5.4.4 Specification of Separation Sequence......Page 167
5.4.5 Operation Concepts in Extraction......Page 168
5.4.6 Determination of Equipment Efforts......Page 171
5.5 Mini-Plant Technology for Extraction Process Development......Page 175
5.6 Cost Estimation......Page 179
5.7.1 Mini-Plant Technology......Page 180
5.7.2.1 Quassia Extracts......Page 184
5.7.2.2 Spruce Bark Extracts......Page 185
5.7.2.4 Vanilla Extracts......Page 187
5.7.2.5 Taxol Extracts......Page 188
5.7.3 Process Modeling and Scale-Up......Page 191
Acknowledgments......Page 195
References......Page 196
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 201
6.2.2.1 Solid–Liquid Extraction......Page 203
6.2.2.2 Process Alternatives......Page 205
6.2.3 Further Considerations......Page 206
6.3.2 Determination of Equilibrium and Kinetics......Page 207
6.3.3 Standard Laboratory Experiment......Page 210
6.3.4.2 Pre-treatment of Solid Raw Material......Page 211
6.3.4.3 Extraction Kinetics......Page 212
6.4 Theoretical Modeling and Scale-Up......Page 213
6.4.1.1 Ideal Stirred Tank......Page 214
6.4.1.3 Other Macro-Models......Page 215
6.4.2 Micro-Models......Page 216
6.4.2.1 Other Micro-Models......Page 217
6.4.4 Scale-Up Design......Page 219
6.5.1 Pre-processing of Plant Material......Page 220
6.5.2 Selection of Extraction Solvents......Page 221
6.5.3.1 Batch Processes......Page 222
6.5.3.2 Continuous Processes......Page 224
6.5.4 Extractor Design......Page 225
6.5.4.1 Batch Equipment......Page 226
6.5.4.2 Continuous Extractors......Page 228
6.5.5 Future Developments......Page 232
6.5.6 Extract Treatment......Page 235
6.5.7 Depleted Plant Treatment......Page 236
Latin Symbols......Page 237
References......Page 238
7.1 Introduction......Page 241
7.2.1 Cellulose Fraction......Page 242
7.2.2 Hemicellulose Fraction......Page 244
7.2.3 Extraction of Fermentation Inhibitors......Page 245
7.2.4 Lignin Fraction......Page 246
7.3.1 Agar......Page 247
7.3.2 Carrageenan......Page 250
7.3.3 Alginic Acid......Page 252
7.3.4 Fucoidan......Page 255
7.3.5 Sporopollenin/Algaenan......Page 258
References......Page 262
8.2 Natural Product Market Overview......Page 267
8.2.1 Market for Extracts......Page 268
8.3.1 Functional Food Concept Based on Natural Products......Page 269
8.3.2 Natural Product Development......Page 270
8.3.3 Food Applications of Natural Products......Page 272
8.3.4 Success Story Plant Sterols for Heart Health......Page 276
8.3.5 Baobab – The New Superfruit......Page 277
8.4.1 Existing Products and Innovation......Page 279
8.4.2 Terpenes: Paclitaxel (Taxol) – The Posterchild......Page 282
8.4.3.1 Camptothecin-derived APIs......Page 283
8.4.3.3 Opiate Alkaloids......Page 284
8.5 Summary......Page 286
References......Page 287
9.1 Introduction......Page 289
9.2.1 Medicines......Page 290
9.2.2 Foods......Page 291
9.3.1 Flavorings......Page 292
9.3.3 Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims Made on Foods......Page 293
9.3.3.2 Health Claim......Page 295
9.3.4 Regulation Concerning Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients......Page 296
9.3.5 Regulation Concerning Food Supplements......Page 297
9.3.7 Examples of Applications of Plant Extracts in Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements......Page 298
9.3.7.1 Black and Green Tea......Page 299
9.3.7.3 Soy Protein......Page 300
9.4 Requirements Concerning Quality and Safety Issues......Page 301
9.4.1.1 Identity and Nature of the Source Material......Page 303
9.4.1.6 Proposed Uses and Use Levels......Page 304
9.4.3 Toxicological Data......Page 305
References......Page 306
Index......Page 311