Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Evolution of Electrical Power System
	1.2 Thermal Power Plant
	1.3 Hydropower Plant
	1.4 Nuclear Power Plant
	1.5 Gas Turbine
	1.6 Wind Energy
	1.7 Solar Energy
	1.8 Distributed Power Generation
	1.9 Energy Storage
	1.10 Tariff
	1.11 Learning Outcome
Chapter 2 Transmission and Distribution Systems
	2.1 Line Diagram
		2.1.1 Single-Line Diagram
		2.1.2 Impedance Diagram
		2.1.3 Reactance Diagram
	2.2 Per Unit Representation
	2.3 Calculation of Fault Level
	2.4 Choice of Voltage
	2.5 Choice of Frequency
	2.6 Choice of Conductor
	2.7 Transmission and Distribution Topologies
	2.8 Electrical Grid
	2.9 Learning Outcome
Chapter 3 Overhead Transmission Line Constants
	3.1 Line Resistance
	3.2 Line Inductance
		3.2.1 Internal Inductance
		3.2.2 External Inductance
		3.2.3 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line
		3.2.4 Inductance of One Conductor in a Group
		3.2.5 Inductance of a Composite Conductor
		3.2.6 Inductance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing .
		3.2.7 Inductance of a Three-Phase Transposed Line
		3.2.8 Inductance of Bundled Conductors
		3.2.9 Inductance of Double Circuit Three-Phase Line
	3.3 Shunt Parameter of Transmission Lines
		3.3.1 Capacitance of a Straight Conductor
		3.3.2 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing
		3.3.3 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Double Circuit Line with Asymmetrical Spacing
		3.3.4 Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line Taking Earth into Consideration
		3.3.5 Effect of Earth on the Calculation of Capacitance
		3.3.6 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect
	3.4 Learning Outcome
Chapter 4 Corona and Sag
	4.1 Corona
	4.2 Sag
		4.2.1 Sag When the Supports Are at Equal Levels and Span Is Small
		4.2.2 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Small
		4.2.3 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Large
		4.2.4 Effect of Ice Coating
		4.2.5 Effect of Wind
		4.2.6 Effect of Sag in Transmission Line
		4.2.7 Stringing Chart
		4.2.8 Sag Template
		4.2.9 Vibrations of Conductor
	4.3 Learning Outcome
Chapter 5 Cable
	5.1 Insulation Resistance of Cable
	5.2 Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable
	5.3 Dielectric Stress of a Single Core Cable
	5.4 Most Economical Conductor Size in a Cable
	5.5 Grading of Cables
	5.6 Power Factor of a Single-Core Cable
	5.7 Capacitance of a Three Core Cable
	5.8 Learning Outcome
Chapter 6 Characteristics and Performance of Transmission Line
	6.1 Transmission Lines
	6.2 General Relations for the Analysis of a Transmission Line
		6.2.1 Short Transmission Line Approximation
		6.2.2 Medium Transmission Line Approximation
		6.2.3 Long Transmission Line
	6.3 Power Flow through a Transmission Line
	6.4 Travelling Wave Equation of a Transmission Line
	6.5 Characterization of a Long Lossless Line
	6.6 Voltage and Current Characteristics of an Single Machine Infinite Bus System
	6.7 Kelvin’s Law
	6.8 Learning Outcome
Chapter 7 Insulators for Overhead Lines
	7.1 Basics of Insulators for Overhead Lines
	7.2 Materials of Insulator
	7.3 Types of Insulators
	7.4 Voltage Distribution on Insulator String
	7.5 String Efficiency
		7.5.1 Methods of Improving String Efficiency
	7.6 Learning Outcome
Chapter 8 Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements
	8.1 Types of System Transients and Some Basic Features
	8.2 Transients on a Transmission Line
	8.3 Switching Surge
	8.4 Lightning Surge
	8.5 Lightning Arresters
	8.6 Insulation Coordination in Power System
	8.7 Bewley Lattice Diagram
	8.8 Learning Outcome
Chapter 9 Electrical Fault Analysis
	9.1 Fault
	9.2 Symmetrical Components
	9.3 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Power System
		9.3.1 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machine
		9.3.2 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Transformer
		9.3.3 Sequence Circuits for Symmetrical Transmission Line
	9.4 Unsymmetrical Faults
		9.4.1 Line to Ground Fault
		9.4.2 Line to Line Fault
		9.4.3 Double Line to Ground Fault
	9.5 Earthing
		9.5.1 Types of Earthing
	9.6 Reactors
	9.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 10 Load Flow Analysis
	10.1 Load Flow
	10.2 Classification of Buses
	10.3 Bus Admittance Matrix
	10.4 Real and Reactive Power Injected in a Bus
	10.5 Load Flow by Gauss-Seidel Method
	10.6 Load Flow by Newton-Raphson Method
	10.7 Fast Decoupled Load Flow
	10.8 DC Load Flow
	10.9 Learning Outcome
Chapter 11 Stability Analysis
	11.1 Requirement of Power System Stability
	11.2 Swing Equation
	11.3 Steady State Stability or Small Signal Stability
	11.4 Transient Stability or Large Signal Stability
	11.5 Equal Area Criterion
	11.6 Multimachine Stability
	11.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 12 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
	12.1 Fuses
		12.1.1 Types of Fuses
	12.2 Switchgear
		12.2.1 Circuit Breaker
		12.2.2 Different Types of Circuit Breaker
		12.2.3 Rating of Circuit Breaker
		12.2.4 Formation of Arc
		12.2.5 Arc Interruption or Arc Quenching or Arc Extinction in Circuit Breaker
		12.2.6 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
		12.2.7 Oil Circuit Breaker
		12.2.8 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
		12.2.9 SF6 Circuit Breaker
	12.3 Learning Outcome
Chapter 13 Power System Protection
	13.1 Protection
	13.2 Relay
		13.2.1 Types of Electromagnetic Relay
		13.2.2 Static Relay
		13.2.3 Digital Relay
	13.3 Distance Relay
	13.4 Differential Relay
	13.5 Over Current Protection
	13.6 Pilot Protection
	13.7 Transformer Protection
	13.8 Feeder Protection
	13.9 Alternator Protection
	13.10 Motor Protection
	13.11 Power Swing Blocking
	13.12 Auto-Reclosing
	13.13 Learning Outcome
Chapter 14 DC Transmission
	14.1 Evolution of DC Transmission System
	14.2 Principle of HVDC Transmission System
	14.3 Components of HVDC Transmission System
	14.4 Types of HVDC Transmission System
	14.5 Learning Outcome
Chapter 15 Electrical Power Distribution Substation
	15.1 Requirement of Distribution Substation
	15.2 Types of Substations
	15.3 Substation Components
	15.4 Substation Earthing
	15.5 Types of Bus Systems of Substation
	15.6 DC Distributors
	15.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 16 Power System Structure
	16.1 Objective of Power System Structuring
	16.2 Concept of Regulation and Deregulation
	16.3 Power Systems in Restructured Environment
	16.4 PoolCo Model
		16.4.1 Electricity Market
	16.5 Concept of Distributed and Dispersed Generation
	16.6 Environmental Aspect of Electric Generation
	16.7 Learning Outcome
Chapter 17 Economic Operation of Energy Generating Systems
	17.1 Introduction to Economic Operation of Energy Generations Systems
	17.2 Economic Operation of Thermal System, Its Basic Operation and Structuring
	17.3 Unit Commitment
	17.4 Reserves in Power Generation
	17.5 Contingency Analysis
	17.6 Learning Outcome
Chapter 18 Automatic Generation and Control
	18.1 Introduction to Automatic Generation Control
	18.2 Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case)
	18.3 Load Frequency Control of Two Area Systems
	18.4 Learning Outcome
Chapter 19 Compensation in Power System
	19.1 Concept of Reactive Power
	19.2 Effects of Reactive Power Flow through Transmission Line
		19.2.1 Importance of Reactive Power
	19.3 Compensation
	19.4 Power Factor
	19.5 Learning Outcome
Questions & Answers
References
Index