Industrial Applications of Batteries: From Cars to Aerospace and Energy Storage

Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.2. Primary Lithium Batteries......Page 24
1.3.1.3. Liquid Electrolytes......Page 45
1.3.1.6. Examples of Applications......Page 53
1.3.4. Basic Parameters of Secondary Nonaqueous Batteries......Page 72
2.2. Lead/Acid Batteries......Page 76
2.3.5. Charging Techniques......Page 96
2.5. Nickel/Hydrogen Batteries......Page 112
2.6. Nickel/Iron Batteries......Page 114
2.7. Nickel/Zinc Batteries......Page 117
2.8 Zinc/Air Batteries......Page 120
2.9. Silver/Zinc Batteries......Page 124
2.10. Zinc/Bromine Batteries......Page 126
2.11. Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries......Page 129
2.12. Alkaline Primary Batteries......Page 131
3.1. Introduction......Page 142
3.2.1. Electrode Materials......Page 143
3.4. A Brief Summary of Available Techniques Related to the Characterization of Batteries......Page 155
3.5. Typical Studies of Electrolyte Solutions and Solid Electrolytes......Page 190
3.7. Measurements of Complicated Batteries 3.7.1. IntroductionGeneral Aspects......Page 209
3.8. Theoretical Aspects of Battery Characterization......Page 215
3.9. Concluding Remarks......Page 216
4.1. Introduction......Page 226
4.2. The Different Types of Electric Vehicles......Page 227
4.3. Battery Technologies for Traction......Page 237
5.2. Satellite Batteries......Page 296
5.3. Launcher Batteries......Page 331
6.1. Introduction......Page 350
6.2. General Characteristics of Space Batteries......Page 351
6.3. Planetary and Space Exploration Missions......Page 352
6.5. Future Mars Missions......Page 379
6.6.1. Primary Batteries......Page 380
6.8. Lithium Batteries-Advanced Systems......Page 407
6.9. Concluding Remarks on Rechargeable Batteries......Page 410
7.1. Introduction......Page 418
7.2. The Lead-Acid Battery Technology......Page 419
7.3. Large Batteries......Page 425
7.4. Improvement of Power Performance......Page 432
7.5. Features of VRLA Technology......Page 440
7.7. AGM Batteries......Page 458
7.8. Future Trends......Page 465
8.1. Signification of Stationary Applications......Page 478
8.2. Sodium-Sulfur Battery Systems 8.2.1. Battery Chemistry and Components......Page 483
8.3. Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Systems 8.3.1. Battery Chemistry and Components......Page 491
8.4.2. Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery Systems......Page 498
8.4.3. Lithium-Ion Battery Systems......Page 500
8.5. Other Electric Energy Storage Systems......Page 501
8.5.2. Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems......Page 502
8.5.3. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems......Page 505
8.5.5. Flywheel Energy Storage Systems......Page 508
8.6.2. Lifetime and Capital Cost......Page 509
8.6.4. Cycle Efficiency......Page 515
9.1. Introduction......Page 520
9.2. Energy Storage for Solar and Wind Systems......Page 521
9.3. Flooded Batteries......Page 525
9.4. Large Batteries......Page 528
9.5. Small Systems with VRLA Batteries......Page 535
9.6. Large Systems with Gel Batteries......Page 547
9.7. Further Developments......Page 560
9.8. Conclusions......Page 566
10.2. History......Page 570
10.3. Chemistry......Page 571
10.4. Construction Features of Nickel-Cadmium Cells......Page 573
10.7.2. Defining the BESS......Page 581
10.8. Small Batteries in Telecommunication Applications......Page 585
10.9. Lifetime and Reliability: The Case of an Old Battery......Page 587
10.10. Nickel-Cadmium Applications Summary......Page 589
11 MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS. I.Metering, Power Tools, Alarm/Security, Medical Equipments, etc.......Page 596
11.2. Metering Systems......Page 601
11.3.1. ID Tags......Page 610
11.3.3. GPS (Global Positioning Systems)......Page 613
11.4. Automatic Assistance Systems......Page 615
11.5. Alarm and Security Systems......Page 617
11.5.1. Emergency Light UnRs (ELUs)......Page 618
11.6. Memory Back Up (MBU) Real Time Clock (RTC)......Page 625
11.7.9. Hedge Trimmers, Chain Saws, Pruning Shears......Page 630
11.8. Professional Appliances......Page 631
11.9.1. Portable Defibrillator Systems......Page 633
11.9.2. lnter-Cardial Pump Systems......Page 634
12.2. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)......Page 640
12.3. Electronic Toll Collection......Page 643
12.4. Automatic Crash Notification (ACN)......Page 645
12.5.1.1. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)......Page 647
12.5.1.2. GPS (Global Positioning System)......Page 648
12.6. Oil Drilling......Page 655
12.6.1. Applications......Page 656
12.6.4. Battery Chemistry......Page 661
12.7. Oceanography......Page 664
13.1.1. Battery Management......Page 672
13.2.1. Cell Monitoring......Page 675
13.2.3. Battery Monitoring......Page 679
13.3. Battery Management Functions......Page 680
13.3.1. Charge Management......Page 681
13.3.1.1. Charge Management with Temperature......Page 682
13.3.1.2. Charge Management with Voltage......Page 683
13.3.2. Discharge Management......Page 686
13.3.2.1. Discharge Management with Voltage......Page 687
13.3.3. Safety Management......Page 693
13.4. Life Prediction......Page 696
14.1. Introduction......Page 714
14.2. Eco-efficiency Study on Recycling Techniques......Page 715
14.3. Trans-Boundary Movement of Batteries within the OECD Member States......Page 719
14.4.1. The Particular European Situation......Page 722
14.5. The Particular Example of a Battery Producer: SAFT......Page 727
14.7. Battery Recycling: the Existing Technologies......Page 730
14.7.2. The Recycling of Primary Batteries Containing Mercury......Page 734
14.8. Conclusion......Page 759
15.1. Scope & Analysis Assumptions......Page 760
15.2. Driving Forces Used to Predict World Market Value......Page 763
15.4. Industrial Battery Configurations......Page 771
15.5. Driving Forces by Market Sector 15.5A. Computing Batteries......Page 773
15.6. Historic and Predicted World Market Summary for Industrial Batteries......Page 785
Subject Index......Page 790