Industrial Applications

A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research......Page 4
Series Preface......Page 8
Addendum to the Series Preface......Page 12
Volume Preface to the Second Edition......Page 14
Volume Preface to the First Edition......Page 16
Contents......Page 18
List of Contributors......Page 20
Traditional Food and Beverage Fermentation......Page 25
I. Introduction......Page 27
A. Baker´s Yeast......Page 28
B. Technological Properties of Baker´s Yeast......Page 29
C. Manufacture of Baker´s Yeast......Page 30
1. Debaryomyces hansenii......Page 31
2. Yarrowia lipolytica......Page 34
4. Saccharomyces cerevisiae......Page 35
b) Technological Characteristics of Penicillium roqueforti......Page 36
b) Technological Characteristics of Penicillium camemberti......Page 39
C. Microbial Interactions in Cheeses Involving Yeast and Filamentous Fungi......Page 40
IV. Meat......Page 42
V. Conclusions......Page 43
References......Page 44
A. Food Fermentation......Page 53
C. Fungal Fermented Foods World-Wide......Page 54
B. Traditional Manufacturing Process......Page 55
C. Fungi Involved and Their Relevant Properties......Page 58
D. Biochemical Modifications and Implications for Health......Page 59
E. Industrial Aspects......Page 60
C. Fungi Involved and Their Relevant Properties......Page 61
A. The Product......Page 63
C. Fungi Involved, Their Relevant Properties and Implications for Health......Page 64
D. Industrial Aspects......Page 65
B. Traditional Manufacturing Process......Page 66
C. Fungi Involved and Their Relevant Properties......Page 67
A. The Product......Page 68
B. Traditional Manufacturing Process......Page 69
C. Fungi Involved, Their Relevant Properties and Implications for Health......Page 70
D. Industrial Aspects......Page 71
A. The Products......Page 72
C. Fungi Involved and Their Relevant Properties......Page 73
A. The Product......Page 74
C. Fungi Involved and Their Relevant Properties......Page 75
IX. Conclusions......Page 76
I. Introduction......Page 83
II. Beer Brewing......Page 84
A. Raw Materials......Page 85
B. Malt Production......Page 86
1. Malt Grinding and Mashing......Page 87
4. Cooling and Wort Treatment......Page 88
E. Maturation......Page 89
G. Final Beer......Page 90
H. Beer-Like Beverages......Page 91
A. Grape Varieties and Composition......Page 92
2. Crushing......Page 93
3. Pressing Process......Page 94
6. Stabilisation and Fining......Page 95
E. Production of Fortified Wines......Page 96
IV. Conclusions......Page 97
References......Page 98
I. Introduction......Page 103
III. Main Genera of Cultivated Mushrooms......Page 104
A. Substrate and Substrate Preparation......Page 105
C. Spawning......Page 106
F. Precautions during Cropping......Page 107
A. Advantages of Growing Oyster Mushrooms......Page 108
D. Varieties of Oyster Mushrooms......Page 109
2. Substrate Preparation and Nutrition Quality......Page 110
4. Crop Management and Incubation......Page 111
VI. Cultivation of Auricularia spp. (Black Ear Mushroom)......Page 112
3. Composting of Saw Dust, Spawning and Culture Conditions......Page 113
1. Log Preparation......Page 114
2. Spawning and Spawn Run......Page 115
VIII. Cultivation of Stropharia rugoso-annulata (Wine-Cap Stropharia)......Page 116
IX. Cultivation of Volvariella spp. (Paddy Straw Mushrooms)......Page 117
X. Cultivation of Flammulina velutipes (Enokitake)......Page 118
References......Page 119
Metabolites and Enzymes......Page 123
I. Introduction......Page 125
a) Cephalosporin C Synthesis in Acremonium chrysogenum......Page 126
b) Penicillium chrysogenum......Page 128
3. Approaches and Goals for Further Strain Improvement......Page 129
b) Synthetic Components......Page 130
e) Concentration of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphor Sources......Page 131
b) Oxygen Supply......Page 132
1. Recovery and Purification......Page 133
a) 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid......Page 134
b) 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid......Page 135
3. Production of 7-ADOCA......Page 136
4. Direct Expression of 7-ACA in A. chrysogenum......Page 137
B. beta-Lactamase Resistance......Page 138
1. beta-Lactams......Page 139
IV. Conclusions......Page 140
References......Page 141
I. Introduction......Page 147
A. Griseofulvin......Page 148
1. Echinocandins and Pneumocandins......Page 149
3. Acidic Triterpenes......Page 152
C. Sphingolipid Synthesis Inhibitors......Page 153
1. Inhibitors of Serine Palmitoyltransferase......Page 154
2. Inhibitors of Ceramide Synthase......Page 155
3. Inhibitors of Inositol Phosphorylceramid Synthase......Page 156
D. Inhibitors of Protein Biosynthesis......Page 157
E. Emerging Antifungal Therapies......Page 160
F. The Strobilurins and Oudemansins, Inhibitors of Fungal Respiration......Page 161
A. Fusidic Acid......Page 163
IV. Conclusions......Page 164
References......Page 165
A. Peptides, Cyclic Peptides, and Cyclic Depsipeptides......Page 175
B. Novel Metabolites and New Derivatives of Insecticidal or Nematicidal Metabolites......Page 176
III. Biological Activities and Mode of Action......Page 182
IV. Ecological Significance......Page 183
References......Page 184
I. Introduction......Page 189
A. Cyclosporins......Page 190
2. Biosynthesis......Page 192
3. Production......Page 194
B. Mycophenolic Acid......Page 195
1. Chemistry......Page 197
3. Production......Page 198
C. Mizoribine......Page 199
2. Gliotoxin......Page 200
3. Trichopolyns......Page 202
6. Kobiins......Page 203
III. Mushroom Immunomodulators......Page 204
C. Polysaccharides......Page 205
E. Industrial Production of Mushroom Immunomodulators......Page 208
References......Page 209
I. Introduction......Page 219
1. Claviceps Species......Page 220
3. Other Clavicipitaceous Fungi......Page 221
III. Ergot Alkaloid Profiles and Pathways in Different Fungi......Page 222
A. Early Pathway Steps Shared Among Producers......Page 223
1. Terminal Branch in Trichocomaceous Ergot Alkaloid Producers......Page 226
2. Typical Terminal Branch in Clavicipitaceous Ergot Alkaloid Producers......Page 227
3. Dihydroergot Alkaloid Branch in Clavicipitaceous Fungi......Page 229
A. Inefficiency in the Ergot Pathway Provides Diversified Alkaloid Profiles......Page 230
B. Other Pathways that Appear to have Preset, Step-Specific Reductions in Flux......Page 231
A. Effects on Humans......Page 232
B. Ecological Roles......Page 233
VI. Conclusions......Page 234
References......Page 235
I. Introduction......Page 239
A. Biosynthesis of Citric Acid......Page 240
B. Fermentation Conditions......Page 245
C. Strain Breeding......Page 247
D. Production Processes for Citric Acid......Page 248
III. Gluconic Acid......Page 250
B. Production of Gluconic Acid......Page 251
B. Production of Itaconic Acid......Page 252
VI. Conclusions......Page 253
References......Page 254
II. Vitamin B2......Page 259
1. The Riboflavin Biosynthesis Pathway......Page 260
3. Regulation of Riboflavin Overproduction......Page 262
Purine and Glycine Metabolism......Page 263
Isocitrate Lyase and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase......Page 264
7. Production and Downstream Processing......Page 265
III. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids......Page 266
A. Mortierella alpina......Page 268
References......Page 269
I. Introduction......Page 273
a) General Remarks......Page 274
b) Enzymatic Pathways of C8 Volatiles in Fungi......Page 275
4. Pleurotus eryngii......Page 277
6. Boletus edulis......Page 278
9. Termitomyces shimperi......Page 279
12. Polyporus sulfureus......Page 280
13. Tricholoma matsutake......Page 281
18. Fungi Emitting Anis-Like or Bitter Almond-Like Odours......Page 282
2. Tuber aestivum and T. melanosporum......Page 283
3. Tuber magnatum Pico......Page 284
1. Flavour Profiles of Miscellaneous Fungi......Page 285
4. Nidula niveo-tomentosa......Page 286
1. Tuber borchii......Page 287
References......Page 288
II. Fungal Enzymes in Industry......Page 293
III. Safety of Fungal Production Organisms......Page 294
IV. Enzyme Classification System......Page 295
V. Enzymes for Detergents and Personal Care......Page 296
A. Textiles......Page 300
B. Leather......Page 302
D. Animal Feed......Page 303
E. Fuel Ethanol......Page 304
F. Biocatalysis - Enzymes in Organic Synthesis......Page 305
A. Sweetener Production......Page 306
C. Dairy......Page 307
D. Protein Hydrolysis......Page 308
F. Distilling......Page 309
H. Lipid Modification......Page 310
VIII. Conclusions......Page 311
References......Page 313
Biotransformations, Lignocellulose Conversion and Recovery of Metals from Solution......Page 315
I. Introduction......Page 317
II. Types and Properties of Biotransformations......Page 318
A. Alkaloids......Page 320
B. Sterols, Taxanes and Other Terpenes......Page 323
C. Small Peptides......Page 330
D. Polyketides......Page 331
A. Biotransformations for Preparative Purposes......Page 334
B. Fungi as Models for Mammalian Xenobiotic Metabolism......Page 335
References......Page 338
I. Introduction......Page 343
A. White-Rot Fungi......Page 344
C. Soft-Rot Fungi......Page 345
III. Fungal Degradation of Wood Polysaccharides......Page 346
A. White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi......Page 348
1. Ligninolytic Peroxidases of White-Rot Fungi......Page 349
3. Laccases......Page 350
4. Role of Small Oxidants in Incipient Decay......Page 352
6. Cellobiose Dehydrogenases......Page 353
B. Soft-Rot Fungi......Page 354
V. Biopulping as an Example of Potential Applications of White-Rot Fungi......Page 355
VI. Overview of Fungal Lignin Degradation and Outlook......Page 357
References......Page 359
A. Plant Cell Wall Composition......Page 365
A. Endomannanases and beta-Mannosidases......Page 366
A. Endoxylanases and beta-Xylosidases......Page 367
B. Accessory Enzymes......Page 368
B. Presence of Cellulose and Xyloglucan-Related Genes in Genomes of Aspergillus......Page 369
V. Regulation of (Hemi-)Cellulolytic Gene Expression......Page 370
VI. Applications of (Hemi-)Celluloses......Page 372
VII. Conclusions and Prospects......Page 373
References......Page 374
II. Pitch Problems in Pulp and Paper Manufacturing......Page 381
A. Resin in Plant Raw Materials......Page 382
B. Resin in Pulp and Paper......Page 383
III. From ``Natural´´ to ``Controlled´´ Seasoning of Wood......Page 384
A. Sapstain Fungi......Page 385
B. White-Rot Fungi......Page 386
A. Hydrolytic Enzymes......Page 387
B. Oxidative Enzymes......Page 390
V. Summary and Conclusions......Page 396
References......Page 397
I. Introduction......Page 403
A. Cell Wall......Page 404
B. Chemical Nature of the Binding Groups at the Cell Wall......Page 405
A. Retention of Biomass and Mixing with the Solution......Page 406
A. Overview of Fungal Species in Biosorption Experiments......Page 407
VI. Conclusions......Page 409
References......Page 410
Recent Developments and New Strategies......Page 417
I. Introduction......Page 419
B. Bioherbicide Approach......Page 420
III. Virulence Enhancement......Page 422
C. Molecular Virulence Enhancement......Page 423
IV. Biological Control of Striga and Orobanche......Page 424
B. Seed Germination......Page 425
VI. Summary and Outlook......Page 426
References......Page 427
A. Fungal Genomes......Page 431
1. General Remarks......Page 432
2. Genomics of Enzymes Acting on Starch......Page 433
2. Genomics of Enzymes Acting on Pectin......Page 436
4. Expression and Regulation of Pectinases......Page 438
2. Genomics of Enzymes Acting on Inulin and Sucrose......Page 439
A. Carbohydrate-Related Transcription Factors......Page 440
D. Clustering of Transcription Factors in the Genome with Target Genes......Page 441
E. Phylogenetic Analysis of Zn(II) Transcription Factors......Page 442
IV. Outlook......Page 444
References......Page 445
I. Introduction......Page 449
1. Chloroperoxidase......Page 450
2. Mushroom Peroxygenases......Page 452
3. Artificial Peroxygenases (Peroxygenase Mimics)......Page 458
B. Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases......Page 460
III. Oxidases......Page 461
2. Biofuel Cells Using Laccase......Page 462
3. Laccase in Organic Synthesis and Polymer Chemistry......Page 463
B. Tyrosinase......Page 465
IV. Conclusions and Outlook......Page 467
References......Page 468
I. Introduction......Page 475
II. Groups of Fungi Used in Bioremediation......Page 476
B. Halo- and Nitroaromatic Compounds......Page 477
F. Other Contaminants......Page 478
IV. Methods......Page 479
A. Screening......Page 481
B. Inoculation......Page 482
C. Small-Scale Trials......Page 484
D. Large-Scale Trials......Page 485
References......Page 487
Biosystematic Index......Page 493
Subject Index......Page 501