Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice

Copyright......Page 4
Preface......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 13
Contents......Page 15
Part I: Introduction......Page 25
Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 27
What Is I/O Psychology?......Page 29
Activities and Settings of I/O Psychologists......Page 30
I/O Psychology as a Science......Page 32
History of the Field of I/O Psychology......Page 34
I/O Psychology Beyond the United States and United Kingdom......Page 37
What It Takes to Become an I/O Psychologist......Page 38
Internet Resources for I/O Psychologists and Students......Page 43
Ethics of the I/O Field......Page 44
Humanitarian Work Psychology......Page 45
Chapter Summary......Page 46
Chapter 2: Research Methods in I/O Psychology......Page 48
Research Questions......Page 50
Variables......Page 51
Generalizability......Page 52
Control......Page 53
Confounding......Page 54
Experiments......Page 55
Survey Designs......Page 56
Observational Designs......Page 57
Measurement......Page 58
Classical Measurement Theory......Page 59
Reliability......Page 60
Validity......Page 62
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion......Page 63
Correlation......Page 65
Regression......Page 67
Inferential Statistics......Page 68
Meta-Analysis......Page 70
Mediator and Moderator Variables......Page 71
Ethics of Research......Page 72
Chapter Summary......Page 73
Part II: Assessment of Jobs, Performance, and People......Page 75
Chapter 3: Job Analysis......Page 77
What Is Job Analysis?......Page 78
The Job-Oriented Approach......Page 79
Purposes of Job Analysis......Page 81
Career Development......Page 82
Legal Issues......Page 83
Selection......Page 84
Research......Page 85
Who Provides the Information?......Page 86
Administer a Questionnaire......Page 87
Multiple Approaches......Page 88
Functional Job Analysis......Page 89
Occupational Information Network......Page 90
Position Analysis Questionnaire......Page 92
Task Inventory......Page 93
Reliability and Validity of Job Analysis Information......Page 95
Validity......Page 96
Job Evaluation......Page 97
Comparable Worth......Page 98
Chapter Summary......Page 99
Chapter 4: Performance Appraisal......Page 102
Administrative Decisions......Page 103
Performance Criteria......Page 104
Contamination, Deficiency, and Relevance......Page 105
Level of Specificity......Page 107
Criterion Complexity......Page 108
Dynamic Criteria......Page 109
Methods for Assessing Job Performance......Page 110
Objective Measures of Job Performance......Page 111
Behavior-Focused Rating Forms......Page 113
Development of Behavior-Focused Forms......Page 116
Models of the Rating Process......Page 117
Content of Subordinate Effectiveness......Page 118
Halo Errors......Page 119
Control of Rater Bias and Error......Page 120
Rater Training to Reduce Errors......Page 121
Other Factors That Influence Job Performance Ratings......Page 123
360-Degree Feedback......Page 124
Legal Issues in Performance Appraisal......Page 125
Chapter Summary......Page 127
Chapter 5: Assessment Methods for Selection and Placement......Page 130
Psychological Tests......Page 132
Characteristics of Tests......Page 133
Power Versus Speed Tests......Page 134
Cognitive Ability Tests......Page 135
Psychomotor Ability Tests......Page 136
Knowledge and Skill Tests......Page 138
Personality Tests......Page 139
Emotional Intelligence Tests......Page 140
Integrity Tests......Page 141
Vocational Interest Tests......Page 142
Biographical Information......Page 143
Interviews......Page 145
Assessment Centers......Page 149
Electronic Administration of Psychological Tests......Page 154
Computer Adaptive Testing......Page 155
Chapter Summary......Page 156
Part III: Selecting and Training Employees......Page 159
Chapter 6: Selecting Employees......Page 161
The Planning of Human Resource Needs......Page 163
Recruiting Applicants......Page 164
Selecting Employees......Page 166
How Do Organizations Select Employees?......Page 167
Step 1: Conduct a Job Analysis......Page 168
Step 3: Choose Predictors......Page 169
Step 4: Validate the Predictors......Page 170
How Predictor Information Is Used for Selection......Page 171
Regression Approach......Page 172
Alternatives to Conducting Validation Studies......Page 175
Getting Applicants to Accept and Keep Jobs Offered......Page 176
Baserate......Page 178
How Valid Predictors Increase Success Rates......Page 179
Computing the Utility of Scientific Selection......Page 180
Legal Issues......Page 182
Legal Selection in the United States......Page 183
Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection......Page 184
Affirmative Action......Page 186
Chapter Summary......Page 188
Chapter 7: Training......Page 191
Needs Assessment......Page 192
Objectives......Page 193
Training Design......Page 194
Trainee Characteristics......Page 195
Identical Elements......Page 196
Overlearning......Page 197
Sequencing of Training Sessions......Page 199
Audiovisual Instruction......Page 200
Conference......Page 201
Role-Playing......Page 202
Electronic Training......Page 203
Mentoring......Page 204
Executive Coaching......Page 205
Evaluation of a Training Program......Page 206
Set Criteria......Page 207
Pretest-Posttest......Page 209
Control Group......Page 210
Analyze and Interpret Data......Page 211
Chapter Summary......Page 212
Part IV: The Individual and the Organization......Page 215
Chapter 8: Theories of Employee Motivation......Page 217
Work Motivation Theories......Page 218
Need Hierarchy Theory......Page 220
Two-Factor Theory......Page 221
Reinforcement Theory......Page 222
Expectancy Theory......Page 223
Self-Efficacy Theory......Page 225
Justice Theories......Page 228
Goal-Setting Theory......Page 231
Action Theory......Page 234
Chapter Summary......Page 236
Chapter 9: Feelings About Work: Job Attitudes and Emotions......Page 239
The Nature of Job Satisfaction......Page 240
How People Feel About Their Jobs......Page 241
Job Descriptive Index (JDI)......Page 243
Job in General Scale (JIG)......Page 245
Antecedents of Job Satisfaction......Page 246
Job Characteristics......Page 247
Pay......Page 250
Personality......Page 251
Age......Page 253
Cultural and Ethnic Differences......Page 254
Person-Job Fit......Page 255
Job Satisfaction and Job Performance......Page 256
Job Satisfaction and Turnover......Page 257
Job and Life Satisfaction......Page 258
Organizational Commitment......Page 259
Assessment of Organizational Commitment......Page 260
Organizational Commitment and Other Variables......Page 261
Emotions at Work......Page 263
Emotional Labor......Page 264
Chapter Summary......Page 265
Chapter 10: Productive and Counterproductive Employee Behavior......Page 268
Productive Behavior: Task Performance......Page 269
Motivation and Task Performance......Page 270
The “Big Five” and Task Performance......Page 271
Locus of Control and Performance......Page 272
Environmental Conditions and Task Performance......Page 273
Job Characteristics and Task Performance......Page 274
Incentive Systems and Performance......Page 275
Displays and Controls......Page 276
Computer-Human Interaction......Page 278
Organizational Constraints......Page 280
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)......Page 281
Absence......Page 283
Turnover......Page 285
Counterproductive Work Behavior: Aggression, Sabotage, and Theft......Page 287
Chapter Summary......Page 290
Chapter 11: Occupational Health Psychology......Page 293
Accidents and Safety......Page 295
Infectious Disease Exposure......Page 298
Loud Noise......Page 299
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)......Page 300
Workplace Violence......Page 302
Night Shifts......Page 304
Long Shifts......Page 306
The Occupational Stress Process......Page 307
Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict......Page 309
Workload......Page 310
Social Stressors......Page 311
Control......Page 313
Machine Pacing......Page 315
The Demand/Control Model......Page 316
Work-Family Conflict......Page 317
Burnout......Page 319
Chapter Summary......Page 320
Part V: The Social Context of Work......Page 323
Chapter 12: Work Groups and Work Teams......Page 325
Virtual Teams......Page 327
Norms......Page 328
Group Cohesiveness......Page 329
Team Commitment......Page 330
Performance in the Presence of Others......Page 332
Group Versus Individual Performance on Additive Tasks......Page 333
Brainstorming......Page 335
Group Decision Making......Page 336
Group Polarization......Page 337
Groupthink......Page 338
Team KSAOs......Page 340
Group Diversity......Page 341
Autonomous Work Teams......Page 342
Quality Circles......Page 344
Team Building......Page 345
Chapter Summary......Page 346
Chapter 13: Leadership and Power in Organizations......Page 349
What Is Leadership?......Page 350
French and Raven’s (1959) Bases of Power......Page 351
Yukl’s (1989) Sources of Political Power......Page 352
Abuse of Supervisory Power: Sexual and Ethnic Harassment......Page 353
Approaches to the Understanding of Leadership......Page 355
The Trait Approach......Page 356
The Leader Behavior Approach......Page 357
Fiedler’s Contingency Theory......Page 360
Path-Goal Theory......Page 362
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory......Page 364
Transformational Leadership Theory......Page 365
Vroom-Yetton Model......Page 367
Women in Leadership Positions......Page 369
Gender and Leadership Style......Page 370
Cross-Cultural Issues in Leadership......Page 371
Chapter Summary......Page 373
Chapter 14: Organizational Development and Theory......Page 376
Organizational Development......Page 377
Employee Acceptance of Change......Page 378
Management by Objectives......Page 379
Survey Feedback......Page 381
T-Group......Page 382
Organizational Theories......Page 383
Division of Labor......Page 384
Span of Control......Page 385
Theory X/Theory Y......Page 386
Open System Theory......Page 388
Sociotechnical Systems Theory......Page 390
Comparison of the Theories......Page 393
Chapter Summary......Page 394
Appendix: Guide to Graduate School Admission......Page 397
References......Page 405
Glossary......Page 445
Author Index......Page 459
Subject Index......Page 469