Induction Machines Handbook: Transients, Control Principles, Design and Testing

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Induction Machine Transients
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Phase-Coordinate Model
	1.3 The Complex Variable Model
	1.4 Steady State by the Complex Variable Model
	1.5 Equivalent Circuits for Drives
	1.6 Electrical Transients with Flux Linkages as Variables
	1.7 Including Magnetic Saturation in the Space-Phasor Model
	1.8 Saturation and Core Loss Inclusion into the State-Space Model
	1.9 Reduced-Order Models
		1.9.1 Neglecting Stator Transients
		1.9.2 Considering Leakage Saturation
		1.9.3 Large Machines: Torsional Torque
	1.10 The Sudden Short Circuit at Terminals
	1.11 Most Severe Transients (So Far)
	1.12 The abc–d-q Model for PWM Inverter-Fed IMs
		1.12.1 Fault Conditions
	1.13 First-Order Models of IMs for Steady-State Stability in Power Systems
	1.14 Multimachine Transients
	1.15 Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)
	1.16 The M/N[sub(r)] Actual Winding Modelling for Transients
	1.17 Multiphase Induction Machines Models for Transients
		1.17.1 The Six-Phase Machine
		1.17.2 The Five-Phase Machine
	1.18 Doubly Fed Induction Machine Models for Transients
	1.19 Cage-Rotor Synchronized Reluctance Motors
	1.20 Cage Rotor PM Synchronous Motors
	1.21 Summary
	References
Chapter 2 Single-Phase IM Transients
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The d-q Model Performance in Stator Coordinates
	2.3 Starting Transients
	2.4 The Multiple-Reference Model for Transients
	2.5 Including the Space Harmonics
	2.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Super-High-Frequency Models and Behaviour of IMs
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Three High-Frequency Operation Impedances
	3.3 The Differential Impedance
	3.4 Neutral and Common Mode Impedance Models
	3.5 The Super-High-Frequency Distributed Equivalent Circuit
	3.6 Bearing Currents Caused by PWM Inverters
	3.7 Ways to Reduce PWM Inverter Bearing Currents
	3.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Motor Specifications and Design Principles
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Typical Load Shaft Torque/Speed Envelopes
	4.3 Derating due to Voltage Time Harmonics
	4.4 Voltage and Frequency Variation
	4.5 Specifying Induction Motors for Constant V and f
	4.6 Matching IMs to Variable Speed/Torque Loads
	4.7 Design Factors
		4.7.1 Costs
		4.7.2 Material Limitations
		4.7.3 Standard Specicatfiions
		4.7.4 Special Factors
	4.8 Design Features
	4.9 The Output Coefficient Design Concept
	4.10 The Rotor Tangential Stress Design Concept
	4.11 Summary
	References
Chapter 5 IM Design below 100 KW and Constant V and f(Size Your Own IM)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Design Specifications by Example
	5.3 The Algorithm
	5.4 Main Dimensions of Stator Core
	5.5 The Stator Winding
	5.6 Stator Slot Sizing
	5.7 Rotor Slots
	5.8 The Magnetization Current
	5.9 Resistances and Inductances
		5.9.1 Skewing Effect on Reactances
	5.10 Losses and Efficiency
	5.11 Operation Characteristics
	5.12 Temperature Rise
	5.13 Summary
	References
Chapter 6 Induction Motor Design above 100 KW and Constant V and f(Size Your Own IM)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Medium-Voltage Stator Design
		6.2.1 Main Stator Dimensions
		6.2.2 Stator Main Dimensions
		6.2.3 Core Construction
		6.2.4 The Stator Winding
	6.3 Low-Voltage Stator Design
	6.4 Deep Bar Cage Rotor Design
		6.4.1 Stator Leakage Reactance X[sub(sl)]
		6.4.2 The Rotor Leakage Inductance L[sub(rl)]
	6.5 Double-Cage Rotor Design
		6.5.1 Working Cage Sizing
	6.6 Wound Rotor Design
		6.6.1 The Rotor Back Iron Height
	6.7 IM with Wound Rotor-Performance Computation
		6.7.1 Magnetization mmfs
		6.7.2 The Airgap F[sub(g)]
		6.7.3 The Stator Teeth mmf
		6.7.4 Rotor Tooth mmf (F[sub(tr)]) Computation
		6.7.5 Rotor Back Iron mmf F[sub(cr)] (as for the Stator)
		6.7.6 The Rotor Winding Parameters
		6.7.7 The Rotor Slot Leakage Geometrical Permeance Coefficient λ[sub(sr)]
		6.7.8 Losses and Efficiency
		6.7.9 The Machine Rated Efficiency η[sub(n)]
		6.7.10 The Rated Slip S[sub(n)] (with Short-Circuited Slip Rings)
		6.7.11 The Breakdown Torque
	6.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 7 Induction Machine Design for Variable Speed
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Power and Voltage Derating
	7.3 Reducing the Skin Effect in Windings
		7.3.1 Rotor Bar Skin Effect Reduction
	7.4 Torque Pulsations Reduction
	7.5 Increasing Efficiency
	7.6 Increasing the Breakdown Torque
	7.7 Wide Constant Power Speed Range via Voltage Management
	7.8 Design for High- and Super-High-Speed Applications
		7.8.1 Electromagnetic Limitations
		7.8.2 Rotor Cooling Limitations
		7.8.3 Rotor Mechanical Strength
		7.8.4 The Solid Iron Rotor
		7.8.5 21 kW, 47,000 rpm, 94% Efficiency with Laminated Rotor
	7.9 Sample Design Approach for Wide Constant Power Speed Range
		7.9.1 Solution Characterization
	7.10 Summary
	References
Chapter 8 Optimization Design Issues
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Essential Optimization Design Methods
	8.3 The Augmented Lagrangian Multiplier Method (ALMM)
	8.4 Sequential Unconstrained Minimization
	8.5 Modified Hooke–Jeeves Method
	8.6 Genetic Algorithms
		8.6.1 Reproduction (Evolution and Selection)
		8.6.2 Crossover
		8.6.3 Mutation
		8.6.4 GA Performance Indices
	8.7 Summary
	References
Chapter 9 Single-Phase IM Design
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sizing the Stator Magnetic Circuit
	9.3 Sizing the Rotor Magnetic Circuit
	9.4 Sizing the Stator Windings
	9.5 Resistances and Leakage Reactances
	9.6 The Magnetization Reactance x[sub(mm)]
	9.7 The Starting Torque and Current
	9.8 Steady-State Performance around Rated Power
	9.9 Guidelines for a Good Design
	9.10 Optimization Design Issues
	9.11 Two-Speed PM Split-Phase Capacitor Induction/Synchronous Motor
		9.11.1 Pole-Changing and Using Permanent Magnets
		9.11.2 The Chosen Geometry
		9.11.3 Experimental Results
		9.11.4 Theoretical Characterization: Steady-State Model and Optimal Design
		9.11.5 Steady-State Model
		9.11.6 Optimal Design
		9.11.7 2D FEM Investigations
		9.11.8 Proposed Circuit Model for Transients and Simulation Results
		9.11.9 Conclusion
	9.12 Summary
	References
Chapter 10 Three-Phase Induction Generators
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) Modelling
	10.3 Steady-State Performance of SEIG
	10.4 The Second-Order Slip Equation Model for Steady State
	10.5 Steady-State Characteristics of SEIG for Given Speed and Capacitor
	10.6 Parameter Sensitivity in SEIG Analysis
	10.7 Pole Changing SEIGs
	10.8 Unbalanced Steady-State Operation of SEIG
		10.8.1 The Delta-Connected SEIG
		10.8.2 Star-Connected SEIG
		10.8.3 Two Phases Open
	10.9 Transient Operation of SEIG
	10.10 SEIG Transients with Induction Motor Load
	10.11 Parallel Operation of SEIGs
	10.12 The Doubly Fed IG (DFIG) Connected to the Grid
		10.12.1 Basic Equations
		10.12.2 Steady-State Operation
	10.13 DFIG Space-Phasor Modelling for Transients and Control
	10.14 Reactive-Active Power Capability of DFIG
	10.14 Stand-alone DFIGs
	10.15 DSW Cage and Nested-Cage Rotor Induction Generators
	10.16 DFIG with Diode-Rectified Output
	10.17 Summary
	References
Chapter 11 Single-Phase Induction Generators
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Steady-State Model and Performance
	11.3 The d-q Model for Transients
	11.4 Expanding the Operation Range with Power Electronics
	11.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 12 Linear Induction Motors
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Classifications and Basic Topologies
	12.3 Primary Windings
	12.4 Transverse Edge Effect in Double-Sided LIM
		12.4.1 The Transverse Edge Effect Correction Coefficients
	12.5 Transverse Edge Effect in Single-Sided LIM
	12.6 A Technical Theory of LIM Longitudinal End Effects
	12.7 Longitudinal End-Effect Waves and Consequences
	12.8 Secondary Power Factor and Efficiency
	12.9 The Optimum Goodness Factor
	12.10 Linear Flat Induction Actuators (No Longitudinal End Effect)
		12.10.1 The Equivalent Circuit
		12.10.2 Performance Computation
		12.10.3 Normal Force in Single-Sided Configurations
		12.10.4 A Numerical Example
		12.10.5 Design Methodology by Example
		12.10.6 The Ladder Secondary
	12.11 Tubular LIAs
		12.11.1 A Numerical Example
	12.12 Short-Secondary Double-Sided LIAs
	12.13 Linear Induction Motors for Urban Transportation
		12.13.1 Specifications
		12.13.2 Data from Past Experience
		12.13.3 Objective Functions
		12.13.4 Typical Constraints
		12.13.5 Typical Variables
		12.13.6 The Analysis Model
		12.13.7 Discussion of Numerical Results
	12.14 Transients and Control of LIMs
	12.15 LIM Control with Dynamic Longitudinal End Effect
	12.16 Electromagnetic Induction Launchers
	12.17 Summary
	References
Chapter 13 Testing of Three-Phase IMs
	13.1 Loss Segregation Tests
		13.1.1 The No-Load Motor Test
		13.1.2 Stray Losses from No-Load Overvoltage Test
		13.1.3 Stray Load Losses from the Reverse Rotation Test
		13.1.4 The Stall Rotor Test
		13.1.5 No-Load and Stall Rotor Tests with PWM Converter Supply
		13.1.6 Loss Measurement by Calorimetric Methods
	13.2 Efcfiiency Measurements
		13.2.1 IEEE Standard 112–1996
		13.2.2 IEC Standard 34–2
		13.2.3 Efficiency Test Comparisons
		13.2.4 The Motor/Generator Slip Efficiency Method
		13.2.5 The PWM Mixed-Frequency Temperature Rise and Efficiency Tests (Artificial Loading)
			13.2.5.1 The Accelerating–Decelerating Method
			13.2.5.2 The PWM Dual Frequency Test
	13.3 The Temperature-Rise Test via Forward Short-circuit (FSC) Method
	13.4 Parameter Estimation Tests
		13.4.1 Parameter Calculation from No-Load and Standstill Tests
		13.4.2 The Two-Frequency Standstill Test
		13.4.3 Parameters from Catalogue Data
		13.4.4 Standstill Frequency Response Method
		13.4.5 The General Regression Method for Parameters Estimation
		13.4.6 Large IM Inertia and Parameters from Direct Starting Acceleration and Deceleration Data
	13.5 Noise and Vibration Measurements: From No Load to Load
		13.5.1 When On-Load Noise Tests Are Necessary?
		13.5.2 How to Measure the Noise On-Load
	13.6 Recent Trends in IM Testing
	13.7 Cage-PM Rotor Line-Start IM Testing
	13.8 Linear Induction Motor (LIM) Testing
	13.9 Summary
	References
Chapter 14 Single-Phase IM Testing
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Loss Segregation in Split-Phase and Capacitor-Start IMs
	14.3 The Case of Closed Rotor Slots
	14.4 Loss Segregation in Permanent Capacitor IMs
	14.5 Speed (Slip) Measurements
	14.6 Load Testing
	14.7 Complete Torque–Speed Curve Measurements
	14.8 Summary
	References
Index