Individual Behaviour in the Control of Danger

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 3
IMAGES OF THE INDIVIDUAL......Page 4
THE SYSTEMS APPROACH......Page 5
Systems thinking......Page 6
1.3.1 The meaning of harm......Page 8
1.3.2 Intention......Page 10
1.3.3 What is \'potential\'......Page 11
1.3.4 A working definition......Page 12
1.4.3Metastable state......Page 15
1.4.4Unstable phase......Page 16
1.4.6 Stabilisation......Page 17
In discussing the definition of danger and its related concepts this chapter has raised a number of issues which will recur in later chapters when we consider the way in which people identify and respond to danger. These issues indicate the complexity of......Page 18
STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK......Page 19
2.1 MODELS IN BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE......Page 22
2.1.1Accident proneness model......Page 23
2.1.2Engineering models......Page 25
2.1.3 Interactive models......Page 27
A SYNTHESIS......Page 32
The model: description......Page 33
Use of the model......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 39
\'ABSENT MINDS\'......Page 40
THE CONTROL OF ROUTINE ACTIONS......Page 42
Types of error......Page 44
Frequency of different error types......Page 47
DESIGN FOR ROUTINE TASKS......Page 49
\'Default values\', stereotypes, illusions and other distortions of perception......Page 50
Overload on attention and memory......Page 52
Signals to change levels of operation: relationship to the Rasmussen 3 level model......Page 53
Innate and learned response to emergencies......Page 55
CONCLUSION......Page 57
INTRODUCTION......Page 60
4.2.1Detection of deviations......Page 62
Detecting deviations in dynamic situations......Page 64
Enhancing feedback on deviations......Page 65
THE OBVIOUSNESS OF DANGER AND THE USE OF WARNINGS......Page 66
4.3.1Hazard symptoms and false alarms......Page 67
4.3.2.Clarity, conspicuity and comprehensibility......Page 69
A field study of \'naive\' inspectors......Page 70
Hazards according to the experienced operator......Page 71
Hazard spotting by \'safety\' personnel......Page 72
Inspection as an active process......Page 73
Inspection strategies......Page 74
PREDICTING DANGER......Page 76
KNOWLEDGE OF CAUSAL NETWORKS......Page 79
4.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 82
INTRODUCTION......Page 88
5.1.1Labelling......Page 89
5.1.2Acceptability......Page 90
5.2.1Expressed preference research......Page 91
Other research approaches......Page 94
Structure of the section......Page 95
5.3.1 Choice to enter and leave danger......Page 96
Controllability......Page 97
Foreseeability......Page 101
Vividness, dreadfulness and severity......Page 103
GEOMETRIC MAN......Page 104
HAZARD ASSESSMENT FACTORS AND TYPES OF HARM......Page 105
DIFFERENCES IN GLOBAL ATTITUDES TO HAZARDOUS ACTIVITIES......Page 107
5.6.1The classification of hazards......Page 108
5.6.2The place of probability......Page 111
5.7.1Probability assessment:  absolute and relative......Page 113
5.7.2 Biases and errors......Page 115
Framing......Page 118
5.8CONCLUSIONS: STRATEGIES OF JUDGMENT......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 122
6.1INTRODUCTION......Page 129
6.2OPTIONS FOR ACTION......Page 131
6.3.1Construction site supervisors......Page 132
6.3.2Financial responsibility......Page 135
6.3.3 Responsibility for safety and accident prevention......Page 136
6.3.5 Communication and intervention in the safety of others......Page 138
6.3.6.Discussion......Page 139
6.4.1 Origins of attribution theory......Page 140
6.4.2Attribution of cause and responsibility......Page 141
6.4.3 The meaning of \'responsibility\'......Page 142
6.4.4 Attributing responsibility for own and other\'s actions......Page 144
6.4.6Attribution of causes and responsibility for accidents......Page 146
6.5DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 148
7.1INTRODUCTION......Page 155
7.2ACTION THRESHOLDS......Page 156
7.3HEURISTICS, PROCEDURES AND PROBLEM SOLVING......Page 159
7.4AVAILABILITY OF PLANS......Page 162
7.5WEIGHING PROS AND CONS......Page 164
7.8CONCLUSIONS AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS......Page 167
AFTERWORD......Page 171
GENERAL PRINCIPLES......Page 173
8.5EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOUR CHANGE AND SAFETY......Page 179
9.1INTRODUCTION......Page 182
Feedback in routine tasks......Page 183
9.2.3Behaviour modification......Page 185
9.3.1What needs to be learned......Page 187
9.3.2 How does learning occur? Learning theory......Page 188
ATTRIBUTED FACTOR......Page 192
9.3.4 Personal experience: accidents and near misses......Page 194
9.3.6 Development of hazard perception and safe behaviour in young people......Page 197
9.3.7 Formal training in safety......Page 199
9.4.1 Introduction......Page 206
9.4.2 Risk compensation or homeostasis theory......Page 207
9.4.3 Predictions from the theory......Page 208
9.4.5 Conclusion......Page 210
Figure 10.1.  Behaviour in the face of danger model - motivation & safety......Page 220
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION......Page 223
10.3.1 Theories of motivation......Page 225
10.3.2 Motivation and decision......Page 227
10.4.1 Fear and horror or danger and excitement?......Page 229
10.4.2Control and self image......Page 234
10.4.3 Effort, trouble and convenience......Page 235
10.4.5 Danger money, piecework and safety incentives......Page 236
10.4.6 Social factors......Page 240
10.4.7 Conclusions......Page 242
10.5.1 Posters, films and informational campaigns......Page 243
10.5.2 Laws, rules and disciplinary measures......Page 245
10.6CONCLUSION......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
11.1INTRODUCTION......Page 256
SELECTION, TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE......Page 258
11.3.1 Accident liability and hazard exposure......Page 259
11.3.2Research results......Page 260
11.3.3From problem to prevention......Page 261
11.4.1Accident proneness and accident classification......Page 262
11.4.2 Theoretical and practical considerations......Page 264
Figure 11.3.  Test cut-offs to achieve significant improvement in accident rates......Page 265
11.5FACTORS STUDIED......Page 266
11.5.1 Demographic variables......Page 267
11.5.2 Physical and physiological factors......Page 270
11.5.3 Psychophysical factors......Page 272
11.5.4 Psychological factors......Page 273
11.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 276
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 281
Figure 12.2.  Fitts list......Page 283
12.1.2 Automatic warning systems on trains......Page 284
12.3DESIGN OF PLANT, EQUIPMENT, MACHINERY, TOOLS AND BUILDINGS......Page 285
12.3.1Inherent dangers......Page 286
12.3.2 Information intake......Page 287
12.3.3Warnings of danger and deviation......Page 288
12.3.4Design for error tolerance......Page 289
12.3.5Standardisation, stereotypes and workload......Page 290
12.3.6Anthropometrics and comfort (Chapters 7,10,11)......Page 291
12.3.7Misuse and defeating (Chapters 7,10,11)......Page 292
12.3.8Conclusion......Page 294
12.4.2Fatigue, overload and arousal......Page 295
12.4.4Stress......Page 297
12.5DESIGN OF WORK PROCEDURES......Page 298
12.5.1Procedures and crosstalk......Page 299
12.5.2Allocation of responsibility and communication......Page 302
12.5.4Accessibility of procedures......Page 303
12.6DESIGN OF ORGANISATIONS......Page 304
12.7CONCLUSION......Page 305
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 311
13.2.1 System controllability......Page 314
13.2.2 The workings of the human controller......Page 317
13.3.1 Status and boundaries......Page 319
13.3.2 Research needs......Page 320
13.4.1 The approach to prevention......Page 322
13.4.2 Analysis of health and safety problems......Page 323
13.4.3 Design......Page 324
13.4.4 Selection, training and motivation......Page 325
13.4.5 Organisation and evaluation......Page 326
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 330