India: Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation in Developing Countries

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: New Challenges on Natural Resources and their Impact on Climate Change in the Indian Context
	Introduction
	Natural Resources in India
		Water Resources
		Mineral Resources
		Forest, Food, and Agriculture
		Land and Soil
		Energy
	Energy Status of India
	Global Warming and Climate Change
	Future of India in the Twenty-First Century
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Regional Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change: A Statistical Downscaling Approach
	Introduction
		Regional-Scale Assessment
	Climate Change: Indian Scenario
	Climate Change: Regional Scenario
	Historical Trend Analysis
		Trends in Maximum Temperature
		Rainfall Trends
		Materials and Methods
			Statistical Downscaling
			Change Factor
	Results and Discussion
		Temperature and Precipitation Analysis
		Maximum Temperature Projections over the Bhima Sub-Basin
		Rainfall Projections
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Flood Risk Assessment for a Medium Size City Using Geospatial Techniques with Integrated Flood Models
	Introduction
		Encroachment on Floodplains
		Land Use Change
			Urban Flooding
			Rational Method
			Structural and Nonstructural Measures
			Flood Inundation Modeling
			Modeling Urban Drainage Systems
			Sustainable Drainage Systems
			Integrated Flood Management System
			Distributed Flow Routing
			Trend Analysis of Rainfall
			Frequency Analysis of Rainfall
			Goodness-of-Fit Test for Different Probability Distribution Methods
			Estimation of Short-Duration Rainfall
			Derivation of Intensity Duration Frequency Equations
			LULC Analysis
			SCS-CN Approach
			Rainfall-Runoff Model: HEC-HMS
			Selection of Hydrologic Model
			General Applicability and Limitations
			Hydraulic Model-HEC RAS
			Data Requirements
			Applications and Limitations of HEC-RAS
		Case Studies in India
			Mumbai
			Guwahati
			Bengaluru
			Hyderabad
		Chennai
		International Level
			Hafr Al-Batin City
			Dhaka City
			Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
			West Bank of Palestine
			Marand Basin, Iran
			South Carolina
			European Union
			Cities in Germany
			Riyadh City
		Motivation of the Present Chapter
		Objectives of the Study
		Scope of the Study
	Study Area
	Methodology Adopted for the Study
		Data Collection and Processing
		Rainfall Analysis
		Image Classification from LULC
		LULC Pattern Analysis from 1986 to 2016
		Forecasting Future Land Use/Land Cover Analysis from 2026 to 2036
		SCS-CN Method
			Development of Hydrologic Soil Map
			SCS-CN Approach for Runoff Calculations
			Assessment of Rainfall-Runoff Using the SCS CN Method
	Results and Discussion
		Estimation of Runoff Curve Numbers from Indian Conditions
		Analysis of Runoff for Change in Different Years of Land Use Conditions
		Development of Hydrologic Modeling for Koraiyar Basin
		Digital Elevation Model of Study Area
		Basin Model
		Slope Classes of Koraiyar Basin
		Calibration and Validation of HEC-HMS for Simulation of Flood Events
		Hydraulic Model for Koraiyar Basin
		Processing of Hydraulic Modeling
		Generation of Floodplain Maps
		Delineation of Flood Hazard Maps
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Impact of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Fruit Crops
	Introduction
	Optimum Climate for Major Fruit Crops
	Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Crops
	Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
	Grape (Vitis vinifera)
	Banana (Musa spp.)
	Citrus (Citrus spp.)
	Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
	Apple (Malus spp.)
	Other Temperate Fruit Crops
	Strategies to Cope with Climate Change and Adaptation
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Evaluating Adaptation Strategies to Coastal Multihazards in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India, Using Composite Ada...
	Introduction
	Methods and Materials
		Study Area
		Preparation of Database
		Analytical Framework for Adaptation Strategies
			Adaptation Strategies for Climate Extreme Events
			Adaptation Measures for Changes in Economic Activities
			Household Coping Mechanisms
		Composite Adaptation Strategies of SBR Villages
	Results and Discussion
		Household Socioeconomic Characteristics
		Adaptation Strategies for Extreme Climate Events
		Adaptation Measures of the Sampled Households for Changes in Economic Activities
		Coping Mechanism of the Sampled Households
		Screen Plot and PCA Varimax Rotation
		Correlation Analysis Between Socioeconomic Conditions and the Adaptation Strategies
		Composite Adaptation Index Using PCA
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Resource of India: A Geographical Appraisal
	Introduction
	Climate Change Scenario in India
		Observed Trend of Climate Change in India
		Projected Trend of Climate Change
	Scenario of Groundwater Resources in India
	Observed Changes in Groundwater Regimes in India
	Potential Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater
	Future Groundwater Scenario in India with Respect to Projected Climatic Change Trends
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Comparison of Classical Mann-Kendal Test and Graphical Innovative Trend Analysis for Analyzing Rainfall Changes in ...
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Database
	Methods
		Innovative Trend Analysis
		Mann-Kendall (MK)Test
		Modified Mann-Kendall (mMK) Test
		Sen´s Slope Estimator
		Percent Bias
	Results and Discussion
		Descriptive Analysis of Annual Rainfall
		Trends in Rainfall Pattern
			Annual Rainfall
			Pre-Monsoon Rainfall
			Monsoon Rainfall
			Post-Monsoon Rainfall
			Winter Rainfall
	Comparison of ITA with Z Statistics and Sen´s Slope
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Forest Phenology as an Indicator of Climate Change: Impact and Mitigation Strategies in India
	Introduction
	Climatic Factors Responsible for Plant Phenological Changes
		Carbon Dioxide Concentration
		Temperature
		Photoperiod
		Precipitation
	Impact of Climate Change on Tree Phenology
		Impact on Leaf Phenology Caused by Climate Change
		Impact on Reproductive Phenology Caused by Climate Change
	Changes in Forest Phenology Influencing the Environmental and Ecological Functions of Tree Species
		Change in Reproductive System
		Effect on Plant-Pollinator Interactions
		Effect on Plant Seed Dispersal
		Effect on Diversity of Plants
		Effect on Tourism and the Economy
	Mitigation Strategies
		Phenology as an Indicator of Climate Change
		Enhancing Phenological Resilience
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Assessment of Stream Flow Impact on Physicochemical Properties of Water and Soil in Forest Hydrology Through Statis...
	Introduction
	Description of Study Area
	Materials and Methods
		Data Collection
		Soil and Water Sampling
		Data Analysis
			Procedure
	Results and Discussion
		Analysis of Stream Flow
	Impact of Runoff on Water and Soil Quality Analysis
	Application of Principal Component Analysis in Water and Soil Quality Analysis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Impact of Climate Extremes of El Nina and La Nina in Patterns of Seasonal Rainfall over Coastal Karnataka, India
	Introduction
	Methodology
		Walker Circulation
		Neutral Phase
		El Nino
		La Nina
		Indian Ocean Dipole
	Types of ENSO Indexes
		Air Pressure Indexes
		Sea Surface Temperature Indexes
		Outgoing Longwave Radiation Indexes
		Wind Indexes
		Hadley Circulation
		Impacts of ENSO on Hurricanes
		Impact of ENSO on Global Average Temperature
		Importance in Prediction of ENSO
	Discussion
		ENSO Effect on Peak Rainfall
		ENSO Effect on Deficit Rainfall
	References
Chapter 11: Geothermal Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
	Introduction
	Applications and Status of Geothermal Energy in the World
		Power Generation
	Geothermal Energy and Mitigation
		Mitigation in the Paris Agreement
		GHG Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities from the Geothermal Industry
		CCS and CCU
	The Framework for Adaptation and Mitigation
		Scenario Setup
		Assessment Stage (Screening and Scoping)
		Implementation Stage
	Life Cycle Assessment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Trends and Pattern of Rainfall over Semiarid Sahibi Basin in Rajasthan, India
	Introduction
	Study Area
	Materials and Methods
		Data Collection and Database Preparation
		Methods
	Identification of Excess and Deficit Rainfall Years
		Calculation for Percent Change
		Trend Detection Methods
		Spatial Interpolation
	Results and Discussion
		Temporal Variations in Rainfall
			Annual Variations
			Seasonal Variations
			Monthly Variations
		Spatial Variations in Rainfall
			Annual Variations
			Seasonal Variations
			Monthly Variations
	Conclusions
	References