In the mind's eye : enhancing human performance

Cover Page......Page 1
Title: IN THE MIND'S EYE......Page 2
ISBN 0309043980......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
PART I Overview......Page 14
THE COMMITTEE'S FIRST PHASE......Page 16
THE COMMITTEE'S SECOND PHASE......Page 17
THE REPORT......Page 19
Developing Careers......Page 20
Meditation......Page 21
Hiding and Detecting Deception......Page 22
Enhancing Team Performance......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
Optimizing Long-Term Retention and Transfer......Page 25
Developing Careers......Page 27
Subliminal Self-Help......Page 28
Meditation......Page 29
Hiding and Detecting Deception......Page 30
Optimizing Individual Performance......Page 31
Enhancing Team Performance......Page 32
PART II Training......Page 34
3 Optimizing Long-Term Retention and Transfer......Page 36
LONG-TERM RETENTION......Page 38
Original Learning......Page 39
Automaticity......Page 40
Overlearning......Page 41
Task Cohesion and Organization......Page 42
Distribution of Practice......Page 43
Fostering Understanding......Page 44
Involving the Learner......Page 46
Refresher Training......Page 48
Level of Original Learning......Page 50
Perceived Similarity Between Tasks......Page 51
Providing Contextual Interference During Training......Page 53
Increasing Variability and Variety in Training......Page 56
Reducing Feedback......Page 58
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRAINING......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
4 Modeling Expertise......Page 70
COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP......Page 72
Modeling......Page 73
Coaching and Scaffolding......Page 74
Articulation, Reflection, and Exploration......Page 75
Measures in Laboratory Tasks......Page 76
Organized Knowledge Structures......Page 78
Strategies of Problem Solving and Reasoning......Page 80
When Do Experts Not Excel?......Page 82
ELICITING KNOWLEDGE FROM EXPERTS......Page 83
IMPARTING EXPERTS' KNOWLEDGE TO TRAINEES......Page 84
Direct Instruction......Page 85
Computer-Aided Support Systems......Page 86
Cognitive Apprenticeship Revisited......Page 87
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
5 Developing Careers......Page 93
Propositions......Page 94
Objectives......Page 98
Future Research Priorities......Page 100
Self-Assessment Instruments......Page 102
The Army War College......Page 103
The National Defense University (NDU)......Page 104
Fort Leavenworth......Page 105
Survey of Effects......Page 106
Reliability......Page 109
Validity......Page 110
Effectiveness of Applications......Page 112
CONCLUSIONS......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
PART III Altering Mental States......Page 118
6 Subliminal Self-Help......Page 120
SUBJECTIVELY PERCEPTIBLE VERSUS OBJECTIVELY DETECTABLE STIMULI......Page 123
MOBILIZATION, EFFORT JUSTIFICATION, AND EXPECTANCY EFFECTS......Page 126
CONCLUSIONS......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 130
7 Meditation......Page 133
SCIENTIFIC EVALUATIONS OF MEDITATION......Page 134
The Pit Burial Studies......Page 135
The Generalization Problem......Page 136
Key Conclusions......Page 138
Implications for Performance......Page 139
Overall Assessment......Page 140
Kundalini Yoga......Page 141
CONCLUSIONS......Page 143
NOTE......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
ASPECTS OF PAIN......Page 147
Psychological Factors in Pain......Page 149
TREATING ACUTE PAIN......Page 151
TREATING CHRONIC PAIN......Page 154
CONCLUSIONS......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
9 Hiding and Detecting Deception......Page 161
The Laboratory Paradigm......Page 162
Leakage......Page 164
Motivated Liars......Page 166
Faulty Detection......Page 167
Training......Page 169
Using Analytical Methodologies......Page 171
CONTEXT AND CULTURE......Page 173
Culture and Facial Expressions......Page 174
CONCLUSIONS......Page 177
NOTES......Page 179
REFERENCES......Page 180
10 A Broader Concept of Deception......Page 184
TYPES OF DECEPTION......Page 185
THEORIES, TAXONOMIES, AND FRAMEWORKS......Page 186
Frameworks as Scientific Theories......Page 187
Frameworks Based on Folk Psychology......Page 189
A Taxonomy in Psychological Space......Page 190
A Prototype Theory......Page 193
A Linguistic Approach......Page 196
Socialization......Page 197
INTERACTIVE SETTINGS......Page 198
The Expression Game......Page 199
The World of Intelligence Agencies......Page 200
CONCLUSIONS......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
PART IV Performing......Page 204
THE MENTAL HEALTH MODEL OF SPORTS PERFORMANCE......Page 206
Static Model: The "Iceberg Profile"......Page 207
Dynamic Model: Measuring Overtraining......Page 211
Summary......Page 215
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS......Page 216
Mental Practice and Motor Performance......Page 217
Sports Performance......Page 219
Modeling......Page 223
Imagery and Mental Practice in Military Settings......Page 226
PREPERFORMANCE ROUTINES, SPORTS PERFORMANCE, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES......Page 228
Preperformance Routines and Sports Performance......Page 229
Physiological Correlates of Preparation to Perform......Page 232
Cardiac Deceleration......Page 233
Hemispheric Asymmetries in the Brain......Page 235
Summary......Page 237
EXERCISE AND STRESS......Page 238
BROADER VIEWS: NEUROSCIENCE AND PEAK PERFORMANCE......Page 240
Models of the Brain......Page 241
"Ideal Performance State"......Page 242
CONCLUSIONS......Page 246
NOTES......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
RESEARCH ON GROUPS: IN THE LABORATORY AND ON THE JOB......Page 260
INDIVIDUALS AND TEAMS......Page 262
Member Contributions......Page 264
Information Processing and Coordination......Page 266
Consensus Decision Making: Choice Shifts......Page 267
TEAM PERFORMANCE: FROM LABORATORY TO FIELD......Page 270
Special Forces......Page 271
Nuclear Reactor Control Rooms......Page 272
Challenges to Training......Page 274
Challenges to Research......Page 276
CONCLUSIONS......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
APPENDICES......Page 284
A Committee Activities......Page 286
B Biographical Sketches......Page 289
Index......Page 296