In-situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated sites

About the book series 
Editorial board 
Dedication to Arun Bilash Mukherjee, D.Sc. 
List of contributors 
Editors’ foreword 
Acknowledgements 
About the editors 
1 In-situ technologies for groundwater treatment: the case of arsenic 
Marta I. Litter, José Luis Cortina, António M.A. Fiúza, Aurora Futuro & Christos Tsakiroglou
1.1 Introduction: In-situ technologies for groundwater treatment 
1.2 Permeable reactive barriers 
1.3 Removal of arsenic from groundwater using reactive geochemical barriers 
1.3.1 General 
1.3.2 PRB types for treating arsenic in groundwater 
1.3.2.1 PRBs with Fe(0) 
1.3.2.2 Barriers with iron slag 
1.3.2.3 Barriers with mixtures of iron hydroxides and activated alumina 
1.3.2.4 Composite barriers 
1.4 Applications of PRBs 
1.4.1 Application of Montana 
1.4.2 Application to the treatment of groundwater contaminated by acid drainage from pyrite mines 
1.4.3 The Aznalcóllar pollution case 
1.5 Limitations of iron reactive barriers: use of reactive zones 
1.6 Use of iron nanoparticles 
1.6.1 Increase of the reactivity by size decrease 
1.6.2 Preparation of iron nanoparticles 
1.6.3 Bimetallic nZVI particles 
1.6.4 Stability of metal nanoparticles 
1.6.5 Other zerovalent nanoparticles used in soil and groundwater remediation 
1.6.6 Field application of nZVI injection in subsurface 
1.6.7 Summary of advantages of the use of metal nanoparticles 
1.7 Problems to be solved in the technology of permeable reactive barriers with ZVI 
1.8 Electrokinetics 
1.9 In-situ chemical treatment 
1.10 Combination of electrokinetics and PRB 
1.11 Concluding remarks 
2 Numerical modeling of arsenic mobility 
Ilka Wallis, Henning Prommer & Dimitri Vlassopoulos
2.1 Introduction 
2.2 Modelling approaches, types of models and common modelling tools 
2.3 The simulation of processes affecting as transport behavior 
2.3.1 Modeling groundwater flow and solute transport 
2.3.2 Processes controlling the geochemical environment 
2.3.3 Sorption and desorption 
2.3.4 Mineral dissolution and precipitation 
2.4 Summary and outlook 
3 Phytostabilization of arsenic 
Claes Bergqvist & Maria Greger
3.1 Introduction 
3.2 Arsenic 
3.3 Soil composition and arsenic availability 
3.4 Plant traits in phytostabilization 
3.5 Phytostabilization of arsenic 
3.5.1 Immobilization and mobilization of arsenic by plants 
3.5.2 Plant species suitable for arsenic phytostabilization
3.6 Amendments for enhanced arsenic stabilization 
3.6.1 Amendments for arsenic stabilization 
3.6.2 Unsuitable or inefficient amendments for arsenic stabilization 
3.7 Management plan for arsenic phytostabilization 
3.7.1 Soil parameters that influence arsenic mobility 
3.7.2 Amendments that encourage plant vegetation and As immobility 
3.7.3 Selecting plant species for arsenic phytostabilization 
3.7.4 Methods suitable for combining with arsenic phytostabilization 
3.8 Concluding remarks 
4 Recent advances in phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soils 
XinWang & Lena Qiying Ma
4.1 Introduction 
4.2 Phytoextraction of arsenic contaminated soils 
4.2.1 Efficient arsenic extraction by P. vittata 
4.2.2 Arsenic hyperaccumulation mechanisms 
4.2.2.1 Arsenic mobilization via root exudates 
4.2.2.2 Efficient root uptake system 
4.2.2.3 Efficient arsenic translocation to fronds 
4.2.3 Potential improvement 
4.2.3.1 Phosphorous amendment 
4.2.3.2 Mycorrhizal symbiosis 
4.2.4 Potential environmental risks 
4.2.4.1 Invasive risk 
4.2.4.2 Disposal of arsenic-rich biomass 
4.3 Phytostabilization 
4.3.1 Indigenous tolerant species with low TF 
4.3.2 Substrate improvement by legumes 
4.3.3 Fe oxides and biochar 
4.3.4 Phosphate 
4.3.5 Organic matter 
4.3.6 Mycorrhiza 
4.4 Phytoexclusion 
4.4.1 Water management 
4.4.2 Silicon fertilization 
4.4.3 Arsenic sequestration by Fe plaque 
4.4.4 Pretreatment of arsenic-contaminated irrigating water 
4.5 Conclusions 
5 Fundamentals of electrokinetics 
Soon-Oh Kim, Keun-Young Lee & Kyoung-Woong Kim
5.1 Introduction 
5.2 Electrokinetic phenomena 
5.2.1 Electrokinetic transport phenomena 
5.2.1.1 Electromigration or ionic migration 
5.2.1.2 Electroosmosis or electroosmotic advection 
5.2.1.3 Electrophoresis 
5.2.1.4 Diffusion 
5.2.2 Electrolysis of water 
5.2.3 Fundamental principle of electrokinetic remediation 
5.2.3.1 Transport and removal of inorganic contaminants 
5.2.3.2 Transport and removal of organic contaminants 
5.2.3.3 Enhancement schemes for electrokinetic soil remediation 
5.2.3.4 Implementation of electrokinetic remediation 
5.2.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of electrokinetic technology 
5.3 Design and operation of electrokinetic remediation 
5.3.1 Factors affecting the performance of electrokinetic remediation 
5.3.1.1 Properties of soil 
5.3.1.2 Characteristics of contaminants 
5.3.1.3 Voltage and current level 
5.3.2 Practical consideration for optimization of operation and design of electrokinetic remediation 
5.3.2.1 Electrode 
5.3.2.2 Electrolyte chemistry and enhancement scheme 
5.3.2.3 Type of electricity 
5.4 Field applications of electrokinetic remediation 
5.5 Prospects for electrokinetic remediation 
6 Microbial in-situ mitigation of arsenic contamination in plants and soils 
Nandita Singh, Pankaj Kumar Srivastava, Rudra Deo Tripathi, Shubhi Srivastava & Aradhana Vaish
6.1 Basics of arsenic bioremediation 
6.2 Influence of microbes on the speciation and bioavailability of arsenic 
6.2.1 Arsenic speciation 
6.2.2 Role of soil 
6.2.3 Role of microbes 
6.3 Mitigation of As contamination in soil: microbial approaches and mechanisms 
6.3.1 Biostimulation 
6.3.2 Bioaugmentation 
6.3.2.1 Microbially mediated As(V) reduction and As(III) oxidation 
6.3.2.2 Bioaccumulation and biosorption 
6.3.2.3 Efflux 
6.3.2.4 Biomethylation and biovolatilization 
6.4 Microbes-mediated mitigation of As in contaminated soils: associated factors affecting mitigation 
6.4.1 Irrigation 
6.4.2 Habitat 
6.4.3 Soil properties 
6.4.4 Root exudates 
6.4.5 Plant microbe interactions 
6.4.6 Mycorrhiza 
6.4.7 Iron plaque 
6.4.8 Microbes-As interaction 
6.5 Strategies for bioremediation of arsenic 
6.5.1 Screening and selection of suitable microbes 
6.5.2 Identification and manipulation of a functionally active microbial population 
6.5.3 Specific functions of microbes 
6.5.4 Genetically engineered (GE) bacteria 
6.5.5 Enhancement of bioremediation by use of surfactants 
6.5.6 Priming and encapsulation 
6.6 Conclusions 
7 In-situ immobilization of arsenic in the subsurface on an anthropogenic contaminated site 
Timo Krüger, Hartmut M. Holländer, Jens Stummeyer, Bodo Harazim, Peter-W. Boochs & Max Billib
7.1 Arsenic in chemical warfare agents 
7.2 Site description 
7.3 Remediation method 
7.3.1 Precipitation and sorption by metals 
7.3.2 Remediation technique 
7.4 Field experiment results 
7.4.1 Arsenic concentration 
7.4.2 Change in arsenic species distribution 
7.4.3 Iron concentration 
7.5 Conclusions 
Subject index 
Books published in this book series