Impact of Petroleum Waste on Environmental Pollution and its Sustainable Management Through Circular Economy: Sustainable Management of Petroleum Waste (Environmental Science and Engineering)

Contents
1 In-Depth Coverage of Petroleum Waste Sources, Characteristics, Environmental Impact, and Sustainable Remediation Process
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Petroleum Wastes
		1.2.1 Used Oil
		1.2.2 Oily Sludge
		1.2.3 Oily Water
		1.2.4 Drilling Mud
		1.2.5 Drilling Cutting
		1.2.6 Drilling Fluid
	1.3 Sources of Petroleum Wastes
		1.3.1 Production
		1.3.2 Refining
		1.3.3 Transportation
		1.3.4 Storage and Handling
		1.3.5 Consumption
	1.4 Characteristics of Petroleum Wastes
		1.4.1 Hazardous Petroleum Wastes
		1.4.2 Non-hazardous Petroleum Wastes
	1.5 Environmental Impacts
		1.5.1 Soil Pollution
		1.5.2 Air Pollution
		1.5.3 Surface Water and Groundwater Pollution
		1.5.4 Climate Change
		1.5.5 Wildlife
		1.5.6 Human Health
	1.6 Environmental Remediation
		1.6.1 Ex-Situ Remediation
		1.6.2 In-Situ Remediation (ISR)
	1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
2 Toxicity of Persistent Hydrocarbon Pollutants, Sources and Sustainable Remediation Process
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Composition of Hydrocarbon Pollutants
	2.3 Occurrences and Sources of Hydrocarbon Pollutants
		2.3.1 Petrochemical Industries
		2.3.2 Oil Spills
		2.3.3 Automobile Exhaust Emissions
		2.3.4 Anthropogenic Sources
	2.4 Impacts of Hydrocarbon Pollutants
		2.4.1 Soil
		2.4.2 Water and Marine Bodies
		2.4.3 Human Beings
	2.5 Remediation of Hydrocarbons
		2.5.1 Physiochemical Remediation
	2.6 Generation of Secondary Pollutants
	2.7 High Chemical Consumption
	2.8 High Energy Consumption
		2.8.1 Biological Methods of Treatment
		2.8.2 Bioaugmentation
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3 Challenges, Opportunities, and Strategies for Effective Petroleum Hydrocarbon Waste Management
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbon
	3.2 Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Waste
		3.2.1 Refinery Waste Composition and Characteristics
		3.2.2 Environmental Concerns Associated with Refinery Waste
		3.2.3 Current Trends of Transforming Petroleum Waste into Useful Biofuels in India
		3.2.4 Statistical Data on Petroleum Waste
	3.3 Challenges in Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Waste Management
		3.3.1 Reduction of Hydrocarbon Emissions
		3.3.2 Petroleum Waste Resources and Recovery
	3.4 Opportunities from Petroleum and Hydrocarbon Waste
	3.5 Strategies for Petroleum Waste Management
		3.5.1 Petroleum Waste Management Techniques
	3.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
4 Adverse Effects of Petroleum Spillage on Marine Environment During Transport
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Characteristics of Oil Spill
	4.3 Mechanisms for Oil Spill Damage
	4.4 The Behaviour of Oil Spills in the Aquatic Habitat
	4.5 Major Oil Spills Related to Marine Environments
		4.5.1 Massive Petroleum Leakages in History
		4.5.2 Cons of Oil Spills in the Marine Environment
	4.6 The Hazards of Oil Spillages: Present, Past, and Later
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Emerging Petroleum Pollutants and Their Adverse Effects on the Environment
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Significance of the Petroleum Sector
	5.3 Emerging Petroleum Pollutants
	5.4 Adverse Effects of Emerging Petroleum Pollutants
		5.4.1 PAHs
		5.4.2 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
		5.4.3 Oxygenated Compounds
		5.4.4 EDCs
		5.4.5 Nanoparticles
		5.4.6 PCBs
		5.4.7 Flame Retardants
		5.4.8 PFAS
	5.5 Regulations and Mitigation Strategies
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6 Environmental Fate and Microbial Reactions to Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Upon Entering the Environment, Oil Composition Changes
		6.2.1 Volatilization
		6.2.2 Dissolution
		6.2.3 Desorption and Sorption
	6.3 Hydrocarbon Toxicology of Microbes and Communities of Microbes
	6.4 Physiochemical Elements Affecting Petrogenic Hydrocarbons' Natural Attenuation
		6.4.1 Nutrients and Additives
		6.4.2 Salinity
		6.4.3 Drought/Moisture/Rainfall
	6.5 Relationships Between Microbes
	6.6 Utilisation of Microorganisms for Hydrocarbons
		6.6.1 Catabolism of Aerobic Hydrocarbons
		6.6.2 Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Catabolism
		6.6.3 Syntrophy
		6.6.4 Microbial Interactions that May Unintentionally Promote the Degradation of Hydrocarbons
	6.7 Conclusions and Plans for the Future
	References
7 Environmental Petroleum Waste: Pollution, Toxicity, Sustainable Remediation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Petroleum Waste Pollution
	7.3 Toxicity of Petroleum Waste
		7.3.1 Effect on the Soil
		7.3.2 Effect on the Plants
		7.3.3 Effect on Marine Animals
		7.3.4 Effect on Humans
	7.4 Sustainable Remediation
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8 Microbial Remediation of Plastic Hydrocarbon Contaminants from Marine Ecosystem
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 The Marine Environment and Plastics
	8.3 Problems with Small Particles
	8.4 International Guidelines to Reduce Plastic Use and Waste
	8.5 Removal of Plastic Waste
	8.6 Biodegradation: Problem Solution
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Waste Recycling, Reusing, Repairing, and Recovering Value Added Products
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Composition of Petroleum Waste
		9.2.1 Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry
	9.3 Treatment Technologies of PW
		9.3.1 Physiochemical Methods
		9.3.2 Thermal Methods
		9.3.3 Biological Treatment
	9.4 Solid Hydrocarbon Waste
		9.4.1 Treatment Technologies of Solid Waste
	9.5 Flue Gases
		9.5.1 Treatment Technologies of Effluent Flue Gases
	9.6 Conclusions
	References
10 Remediation Technologies for Petroleum Hydrocarbons from the Environment
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Technologies for Removal of pH from Soil
		10.2.1 Physical Methods
		10.2.2 Chemical Methods
		10.2.3 Biological Methods
		10.2.4 Other Biological Methods
	10.3 Use of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of PHs
		10.3.1 Electro-Bioremediation (EB)
		10.3.2 Bio-electrochemical Systems (BESs)
	10.4 Analysis of Remediation Techniques
		10.4.1 Biological Methods
		10.4.2 NGS Technology
		10.4.3 Analytical Methods
	10.5 Challenges
	10.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
11 Biodegradation of Synthetic Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) into Bis-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Terephthalate (BHET)
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Types of Synthetic Polymers
	11.2 Conventional Chemical Degradation Techniques
		11.2.1 Hydrolysis
		11.2.2 Oxidation
		11.2.3 Photodegradation
		11.2.4 Thermal Degradation
		11.2.5 Chemical Agents
	11.3 Biodegradation Techniques
		11.3.1 Environmental Sustainability
		11.3.2 Plastic Waste Management
		11.3.3 Reduced Dependency on Fossil Fuels
		11.3.4 Agricultural Benefits
		11.3.5 Water and Soil Remediation
	11.4 Conventional Biodegradation of Synthetic Polyethylene
		11.4.1 Microbial Degradation
		11.4.2 Enzymatic Degradation
		11.4.3 Bio-additives
		11.4.4 Physical and Chemical Treatments
	11.5 Advanced Biodegradation Mediated Techniques
		11.5.1 Bioremediation
		11.5.2 Phytoremediation
		11.5.3 Composting
		11.5.4 Anaerobic Digestion
	11.6 Pros and Cons
	11.7 Future Scope
	11.8 Conclusion
	References
12 Circular Economy Model for Petroleum Waste and Its Implementation in India
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Circular Economy Model
		12.2.1 Fundamental Characteristics of a Circular and Sustainable Economic Model
		12.2.2 Benefits of the CE Model
		12.2.3 Need for CE Model for Petroleum Waste
	12.3 Challenges
	12.4 CE Model for Petroleum Waste in Developing and High-Populated Countries
	12.5 Implementing CE for Petroleum Waste in India
	12.6 Overview of Current Initiatives and Perspectives
	12.7 Future Directions for Further Exploration and Development
		12.7.1 Developing Collaborative Model
		12.7.2 Internal Research and Development, Innovation
		12.7.3 Product-Service System (PSS) Model
	12.8 Conclusions
	References
13 Recycling, Re-using, Regeneration, and Recovering of Value-Added Products Petroleum Hydrocarbons Through Circular Economic-Based Approaches
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Environmental Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Generated from the Petroleum Sludge Waste
	13.3 Treatment Technologies
		13.3.1 Management of Hydrocarbon Waste
		13.3.2 Emerging Methods for OS Treatments
	13.4 Re-utilization of Petroleum Sludge Hydrocarbons
		13.4.1 Cement Clinker and Mortars
		13.4.2 Construction Block, Bricks and Tiles Formulation
		13.4.3 Ceramics
		13.4.4 Highway Material
		13.4.5 Adsorbent
		13.4.6 Microbial Isolates from Sludge Waste for Aqueous Solution Mitigation
		13.4.7 Biogas Production
		13.4.8 Other Applications
	13.5 Recovery Technologies Oily Sludge Hydrocarbons
		13.5.1 Extraction Through Solvents
		13.5.2 Ultrasonication
		13.5.3 Centrifugation
		13.5.4 Surfactants
	13.6 Conversion of Petroleum Sludge Waste to High-Valued Products
	13.7 Circular Economy: Its Ideologies and Strategies to Maintain Sustainability
	13.8 Concept of “Wastes-Treat-Wastes” in Petroleum Industry Sludge to Achieve Self-Cycle Operation
	13.9 Uses of Microorganisms Obtained from Sludge Waste in Various Petroleum Sectors
	13.10 Surface Active Agents Secreting Bacteria Obtained from Oily Sludge for Reclamation of Hydrocarbons
	13.11 Challenges and Future Prospects
	13.12 Conclusion
	References