Immunodiagnostic Technologies from Laboratory to Point-Of-Care Testing

Contents
About the Authors
Biosensors for Clinical Samples: Consideration and Approaches
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Principles for Immunoassays and Immunosensors Development
			1.1.1 Strategies for Antibody Immobilization
			1.1.2 Types of Immunosensor Format
			1.1.3 Detection Methods
			1.1.4 Clinical Samples
		1.2 Immunosensing Approaches for Bioclinical Applications
			1.2.1 Autoimmune Diseases
			1.2.2 Cancer
			1.2.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
			1.2.4 Neurological Disorders
			1.2.5 Biosensors Based on Unconventional Detection Strategies
		1.3 Conclusion and Future Trends
	References
Immunodiagnosis by Electrochemical Multiplexing in Clinical Samples
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrochemical Immunodiagnosis
		2.1 Improving Sensitivity in Electrochemical Immunodiagnosis
		2.2 Multiplexing and Integration in Electrochemical Immunodiagnosis
	3 Electrochemical Immunosensing Platforms from Laboratory to Commercial Point-of-Care Testing
	4 Outlook: General Conclusions, Challenges, and Prospects
	References
Principle and Applications of Immunodiagnostics Using Radioisotope as Tracers
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Radiation and Radionuclides
	3 Production of Radioisotopes
	4 Characteristics of Diagnostic Radionuclides
	5 Antibody and Radiolabeled Antibody
	6 Methods of Radiolabeling of Antibody
		6.1 Radioiodination of Antibody
			6.1.1 Chloramine-T method
			6.1.2 Lactoperoxidase Method
			6.1.3 Iodogen
		6.2 Labeling of Antibody with Bifunctional Chelating Agent
	7 Quality Control of Radiolabeled Antibody
		7.1 Physico-Chemical Tests
	8 Application of Radionuclides in Healthcare
		8.1 In Vitro Application of Radioisotopes in Immunodiagnostic
			8.1.1 Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
			8.1.2 Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA)
		8.2 In Vivo Application of Radioisotopes in Immunodiagnostic
			8.2.1 Non-invasive Immunodiagnosis by SPECT
			8.2.2 Non-invasive Immunodiagnosis by PET
	9 Future Prospects of Radioimmunodiagnosis
	10 Conclusion
	References
Redox Cycling Technologies for Point-of-Care Immunodiagnostics in Various Matrices
	1 Introduction
	2 Redox Cycling Technologies for Biomarkers Detection in Different Matrices
	3 Commercial System for Point-of-Care Immunodiagnostics
	4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Next-Generation Immunosensing Technologies Based on Nano-Bio-Engineered Paper Matrices
	1 Introduction to Low-Cost Immuno-Technologies
	2 Paper as a Compatible Substrate for Clinical Diagnoses
	3 Detection Approaches Using Paper-Based Immunosensors
		3.1 Colorimetric Detection
		3.2 Fluorometric Detection
		3.3 Electrochemical Detection
	4 Types of Paper-Based Immunosensors
		4.1 Lateral Flow Assay (LFA)
		4.2 Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (μPAD)
	5 The Emerging Developments in the Paper-Based Immunosensors
	6 Conclusions
	References
Alternative Analyte-Binding Compounds for Immunosensor-Like Point-of-Care Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Aptamer as an Alternative Analyte-Binding Compounds
	3 Aptasensor
	4 Peptasensor (Peptide-Based Aptasensor) for POC Testing Application
	5 Conclusion
	References
Bead-Based SELEX for Aptamers Selection and Their Application in Detection of Diverse Antigens
	1 Introduction
	2 Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX)
	3 Classical Bead-Based SELEX
	4 Magnetic Bead-Based SELEX
	5 Microcolumn Bead-Based SELEX
	6 Particle Display SELEX
	7 Microfluidic SELEX (M-SELEX)
	8 Library Immobilization Based SELEX (Capture-SELEX)
	9 Applications of Aptamers in Diagnosis and Detection
	10 Aptamers for Diagnosis of Cancer
	11 Aptamers for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis
	12 Conclusion
	References
Changing Trends in Immunosensing Technologies and Their Commercial Aspects in Animal Health and Welfare
	1 Introduction
	2 Advancement and Commercialization of Immunosensors
		2.1 Organism-Based Detection
			2.1.1 E. coli Detection
			2.1.2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)
			2.1.3 Mastitis Causing Pathogens: The Most Pathogenic Causative Agent for Mastitis
			2.1.4 Clostridium perfringens
			2.1.5 Campylobacter
		2.2 Disease Detection
			2.2.1 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
			2.2.2 Subclinical Mastitis
			2.2.3 Subclinical Ketosis
			2.2.4 Bluetongue
			2.2.5 Respiratory Disorders
		2.3 General Health and Welfare
			2.3.1 Metabolite Analysis
			2.3.2 Reproductive Health
			2.3.3 Stress Detection
			2.3.4 Behavior and Movement
			2.3.5 Farm Monitoring
	3 Challenges
	4 Conclusion
	References
Methods for Enhancing Aptamer Affinity for Antigen Detection and Its Characterization
	1 Evolution of Aptamers
	2 Selection of Aptamers
	3 Post-SELEX Process
	4 Truncation of Aptamers
	5 Modification of Aptamers
	6 Characterization of Aptamer Affinity
		6.1 Enzyme Linked Oligonucleotide Assay (ELONA)
		6.2 Fluorescence Based Assay
		6.3 Flow Cytometry
		6.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance
		6.5 Microscale Thermophoresis
		6.6 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
	7 Conclusion
	References
Application of Biosensors to Enhance Reproductive Efficiency and Production of Livestock and Poultry by Diverse Antigen Analys...
	1 Introduction
	2 Biosensors to Enhance the Reproductive Efficiency of Farm Animals
	3 Biosensing Applications to Reduce Neonatal Mortality
	4 Biosensors to Monitor Animal Behaviour
	5 Biosensors for Detection of Toxins in Animal Feed
	6 Biosensor for Detection of Venoms in Envenomed Individuals
	7 Biosensors for Detection of Metabolic Diseases in Farm Animals
	8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
Clinical Implications of Cortisol and Bioanalytical Methods for Their Determination in Various Biological Matrices
	1 Introduction
	2 Cortisol Structure and Properties
	3 Cortisol Synthesis and Secretion
	4 Health Disparities and Detection
	5 Sources of Cortisol Detection
		5.1 Saliva
		5.2 Blood
		5.3 Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
		5.4 Urine
		5.5 Sweat
		5.6 Hair
	6 Cortisol Detection Techniques
		6.1 Chromatographic Techniques
		6.2 Immunoassay
		6.3 Optical Immunosensor
		6.4 Electrochemical Immunosensor
	7 Point-of-Care Diagnostics
	8 Available Products for Cortisol Detection
	9 Summary/Conclusion
	References
Receptors in Immunodiagnostics: Antibodies, Antibody Fragments, Single Domain Antibodies and Aptamers
	1 Introduction
	2 Antibodies
		2.1 Structure and Function of Antibodies
		2.2 Production and Use of Antibodies in Immunodiagnostics
	3 Fab Fragments
		3.1 Structure and Function of Fab Fragments
		3.2 Production and Use of Fab Fragments in Immunodiagnostics
	4 Single Chain Variable Fragment (scFv)
		4.1 Structure and Function of scFv
		4.2 Production and Use of scFv Fragments in Immunodiagnostics
	5 Single Domain Antibodies
		5.1 VHH Antibodies: Structure, Function and Use in Immunodiagnostics
		5.2 Variable New Antigen Receptors (VNARs): Structure, Function and Use in Immunodiagnostics
	6 Aptamers: Structure, Function and Use in Immunodiagnostics
	7 Comparative Analysis of Different Biosensors and Future Perspectives
	References