Imaging of the Head and Neck 2nd Edition

Imaging of the Head and Neck\nTitle Page\nCopyright\nDedication\nAuthors\' Affiliations\nPreface\nAcknowledgements\nContents\nSection I: Temporal Bone\n	1 Imaging of the Temporal Bone\n		Sectional Anatomy of the Temporal Bone\n			Anatomical Notes\n			Sectional Anatomy\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Conventional Radiography\n			Computed Tomography (CT)\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\n		Developmental Variations\n			Mastoid\n			Lateral Sinus\n			Tegmen\n			Jugular Fossa\n			Carotid Artery\n			Arachnoid Granulations\n			Petrous Apex\n		Congenital Abnormalities of the Temporal Bone\n			Imaging Assessment\n			Embryology\n			Anomalies of the Sound-Conducting System\n			Facial Nerve Anomalies\n			Anomalies of the Inner Ear\n			Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea\n			Imaging Assessment for Cochlear Implantation\n			Congenital Vascular Anomalies\n			Syndromic Hearing Loss\n		Temporal Bone Trauma\n			Classification\n			Clinical Findings\n			Imaging Findings\n			Labyrinthine Concussion and Bleeding\n			Longitudinal Fractures\n			Transverse Fractures\n			Comminuted Mastoid Fractures\n			Ossicular Dislocation\n			Projectile Injuries\n			Traumatic Facial Nerve Lesions\n			latrogenic Lesions\n			Meningoencephalocele\n			Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea\n		Acute Otitis Media, Mastoiditis, and Malignant Necrotizing External Otitis\n			Acute Otitis Media and Mastoiditis\n			Imaging Findings\n			Imaging Technique\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Acute Labyrinthitis\n			Chronic Labyrinthitis\n			Facial Neuritis\n			Malignant Necrotizing External Otitis\n			Imaging Findings\n			Healing Stages\n		Chronic Otitis Media and Mastoiditis\n			Clinical Findings\n			Otoscopic Findings\n			Imaging Techniques\n			Imaging Findings\n		Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear\n			Acquired Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear and Mastoid\n			Clinical and Otoscopic Findings\n			Imaging Techniques\n			Diagnosis of Cholesteatoma\n			Patterns of Imaging Findings\n			Pars Flaccida Cholesteatomas\n			Epitympanic Retraction Pockets\n			Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas\n			Combined Pars Flaccida and Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas\n			Evaluation of the Extent of Cholesteatoma\n			Labyrinthine Fistulas\n			Petrous Extension of Cholesteatoma\n			Facial Nerve\n			Congenital Cholesteatoma of the Middle Ear\n			Petrous Pyramid and Epidural Cholesteatomas\n			Keratosis Obturans and Cholesteatoma of the External Auditory Canal\n		Postoperative and Postirradiation Imaging of the Temporal Bone\n			Simple and Radical Mastoidectomies\n			Tympanoplasty\n			Imaging Findings\n		Tumors\n			Benign Tumors\n			Malignant Tumors\n		Internal Auditory Canal and Acoustic Schwannomas\n			Normal Internal Auditory Canal\n			Imaging Studies\n			Pathology of the Internal Auditory Canal\n			Pathology within the Internal Auditory Canal\n			Meningeal Pathology\n			Vascular Abnormalities\n			Heterotopic Lesion within the Internal Auditory Canal\n		Otosclerosis and Bone Dystrophies\n			Otosclerosis\n			Paget Disease\n			Osteogenesis Imperfecta\n			Osteopetrosis\n			Fibrous Dysplasia\n			Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia\n		References\nSection II: Eye and Orbit, Base of the Skull\n	2 Eye and Orbit\n		Part 1: The Eye\n			Embryology\n				Lens\n				The Ciliary Body, Iris, and Suspensory Ligaments of the Lens\n				The Vitreous\n				The Choroid\n				The Sclera\n				The Cornea\n				Vascular System\n				Extraocular Muscles\n				The Eyelids\n				The Lacrimal Gland\n				The Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct\n				The Orbit\n			References\n			Anatomy\n				Tenon\'s Capsule and Extraocular Muscle Sheaths (Sleeves)\n				Sclera\n				Cornea\n				Uvea (Choroid, Ciliary Body, and Iris)\n				Retina\n				Vitreous\n			Imaging Techniques\n				CT Technique\n				MRI Technique\n			Pathology\n				Congenital Anomalies\n				Coloboma and Morning Glory Disk Anomaly\n				Ocular Detachments\n				Ocular Inflammatory Disorders\n				Benign Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia\n				Papilledema\n				Intraocular Calcifications\n				Leukokoria\n				Retinoblastoma\n				Intraocular Mass and Masslike Lesions Simulating Retinoblastoma\n				Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous\n				Retinal Dysplasia\n				Norrie Disease\n				Warburg Syndrome\n				Retinopathy of Prematurity or Retrolental Fibroplasia\n				Coats disease\n				Ocular Toxocariasis (Sclerosing Endophthalmitis)\n				Ocular Astrocytic Hamartoma (Retinal Astrocytoma)\n				Combined Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Retina\n				Incontinentia Pigmenti\n				Juvenile Xanthogranuloma\n				Ganglioneuroma\n				Optic Nerve Head Drusen\n				Choroidal Osteoma\n				Retinal Gliosis\n				Myelinated Nerve Fibers\n				Subretinal Neovascular Membranes\n				Vitreous Opacities\n				Choroidal Hemangioma\n				Malignant Uveal Melanoma\n				Melanocytoma\n				Uveal Metastasis\n				Uveal Nevus\n				Choroidal and Retinal Hemangiomas\n				Angiomatosis Retinae and von Hippel–Lindau Disease\n				Choroidal Hemorrhage and Choroidal Detachment\n				Choroidal Cyst\n				Ocular Lymphoma\n				Ocular Leukemia\n				Primary Ocular Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)\n				Leiomyoma (Mesoectodermal Leiomyoma)\n				Ocular Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma\n				Medulloepithelioma\n				Senile Macular Degeneration\n				Ocular Trauma\n				Anophthalmic Socket and Orbital Implant\n			References\n		Part 2: The Orbit\n			Embryology\n			Anatomy\n				Bony Orbit\n				Orbital Septum and Eyelids\n				Orbicularis Oculi\n				Tenon\'s Capsule (Fascia Bulbi and Tenon\'s Space)\n				Orbital Fatty Reticulum\n				Muscles of the Eye\n				Innervation\n				Vascular Anatomy\n				Lacrimal Apparatus\n			Imaging Techniques\n				Computed Tomography\n				MRI Techniques\n				Normal CT and MRI Anatom of the Orbit\n			Pathology\n				Hypertelorism, Hypotelorism Exophthalmos, and Exorbitism\n				Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities\n				Anatomical and Developmental Considerations\n				Acquired Orbital Cysts\n				Parasitic Cysts\n				Inflammatory Diseases\n				Mycotic Infections\n				Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Disorders (Pseudotumors)\n				Painful External Ophthalmoplegia (Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome)\n				Thyroid Orbitopathy (Graves Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathy)\n				Sarcoidosis\n				Sjögren Syndrome\n				Vasculitides (Angiitides)\n				Amyloidosis\n				Miscellaneous Granulomatous and Histiocytic Lesions\n				Tumors\n				Orbital Vascular Conditions\n				Neural Lesions\n				Nontumoral and Tumoral Enlargement of the Optic Nerve Sheath\n				Fibrous Tissue Tumors of the Orbit\n				Lacrimal Gland and Fossa Lesions\n				Miscellaneous Lacrimal Gland Lesions\n				Fibro-Osseous Lesions of the Orbit\n				Ocular Motility Disorders\n				Traumatic Injury of Ocular Muscles\n				Congenital Anomalies of the Extraocular Muscles\n				Orbital Trauma\n			References\n	3 Base of the Skull\n		Embryology\n		Anatomy\n			The External Surface of the Cranial Base\n			The Pterygoid Processes, Pterygoid Plates, Scaphoid Fossa, Spine of the Sphenoid Bone, Foramen Ovale, and Foramen Spinosum\n			The Foramen Lacerum\n			Pterygoid (Vidian) Canal\n			The Squamotympanic Fissure\n			Foramen Magnum and Hypoglossal Canal\n			The Jugular Foramen\n			Stylomastoid Foramen\n			The Internal Surface of the Cranial Base\n			Superior Orbital Fissure, Foramen Rotundum, Tegmen Tympani, and Tegmen Antri\n			Cavernous Sinus\n			Trigeminal Cavity (Meckel\'s Cave), Trigeminal Cistern, and Ganglion\n			The Posterior Cranial Fossa\n		Role of Diagnostic Imaging in Skull Base Pathology and Surgery\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Angiography and Embolization\n		Imaging Anatomy of the Skull Base\n		Anatomical Variations\n		Skull Base Pathology\n			Developmental Cysts of the Skull Base\n			Tumors\n			Histiocytoses\n			Leukemia\n			Extracranial Lesions Affecting the Skull Base\n			Metastasis\n			Trauma\n		References\nSection III: Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses\n	4 Imaging of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses\n		Nasal Cavity: Embryology and Development\n		Paranasal Sinuses: Embryology and Development\n			Maxillary Sinuses\n			Ethmoid Sinuses\n			Frontal Sinuses\n			Sphenoid Sinuses\n		Anatomy: The Nasal Cavity\n			The Nasal Mucous Membrane\n			Nasal Cycle\n			Innervation\n			Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage\n			Lymphatics\n		Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses\n			The Frontal Sinuses\n			The Ethmoidal Sinuses and Surgical Anatomy of the Ethmoid Bone\n			Sphenoidal Sinuses\n			The Maxillary Sinuses\n			Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery and the Role of the Radiologist\n			Ostiomeatal Complex\n			Anatomical Variations\n		Pterygomaxillary Fissure, Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Fossa, and Palatine Bone\n			The Pterygopalatine (Sphenopalatine) Ganglion\n			Applied Anatomy\n			References\n		Imaging Techniques\n			General Considerations\n			Computed Tomography\n			Standard Film Radiography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Risk of Radiation from Sinus Imaging\n			References\n		Sinonasal Pathology\n			Congenital Anomalies of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses\n			References\n			Inflammatory Diseases\n			Retention Cysts\n			Nasal Polyps\n			References\n			Tumor and Tumorlike Lesions of the Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity\n			Benign Fibro-osseous, Osseous, and Cartilaginous Lesions of the Sinonasal Region\n			Malignant Osseous and Cartilaginous Tumors of Sinonasal Cavities\n			Miscellaneous Tumors of Sinonasal Cavities\n			References\n			Traumatic and Postoperative Findings\n			References\nSection IV: Masticatory System\n	5 Temporomandibular Joint\n		Embryology\n		Anatomy\n		Diagnostic Imaging Techniques\n			Nuclear Medicine (Scintigraphy)\n			CT Technique\n			MRI Technique\n		Normal Imaging Anatomy of TMJ\n		Anatomical Variations and Developmental Anomaly\n			Condylar Agenesis (Otomandibular Dysostosis, Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Hemifacial Microsomia)\n			Condylar Hypoplasia\n			Condylar Hyperplasia\n		Inflammation\n			Infectious Arthritis\n			Necrotizing External Otitis\n		Internal Derangements\n		Osteochondritis Dissecans\n		Arthritic Conditions\n			Degenerative Arthritis (Osteoarthritis, Osteoarthrosis)\n			Traumatic Arthritis\n			Rheumatoid Arthritis\n			Metabolic Arthritis\n			Rheumatoid Variants (Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis)\n			Synovial Chondromatosis\n			Neoplasms\n			Miscellaneous\n			Fractures\n			Postoperative Conditions\n		References\n	6 Mandible and Maxilla\n		Embryology\n			Dental Development\n			Development of Enamel\n			Ossification\n		Anatomy\n			The Mandible\n			The Maxillae\n		Dental Anatomy\n			The Teeth\n			Dental Blood and Lymphatic Vessels\n			Dental Lymphatics\n			Dental Innervation\n			Dental Histology\n			The Dental Pulp\n			The Enamel, Cement, and Periodontal Ligament\n			The Gingivae (Gums)\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Intraoral Radiography\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\n		Pathology\n			Congenital and Developmental Anomalies\n			Inflammation\n			Osteoradionecrosis\n			Benign and Malignant Tumors\n		References\nSection V: Suprahyoid Neck\n	7 Nasopharynx\n		Embryology\n		Anatomy\n			Pharyngobasilar Fascia\n			The Pharyngeal Tonsil and Pharyngeal Bursa\n			Pharyngeal Isthmus, Oropharyngeal Isthmus, and Waldeyer\'s Ring\n			Innervation\n			Vascular Supply\n			Lymphatics\n			Regional Anatomy (Parapharyngeal Space)\n			The Masticator Space\n			Infratemporal Fossa\n			Applied Anatomy\n		Histology\n		Imaging Techniques\n		Pathology of the Nasopharynx\n			Congenital Anomalies\n			Inflammations\n			Infectious Mononucleosis\n			Tangier Disease\n			Benign Tumors\n			Malignant Tumors\n			Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma\n		References\n	8 Parapharyngeal and Masticator Spaces\n		Introduction\n		Anatomy\n			Fascial Layers of the Neck\n			Face and Neck Spaces\n		Normal Imaging Anatomy\n		Imaging Rationale and Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n		Pathology\n			Lesions Arising within the Pharyngeal Wall and Adjoining Deep Neck Spaces\n			Suprahyoid Neck Trauma\n			Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSA)\n			Suprahyoid Neck Biopsy and Interventional MRI\n		References\n	9 Salivary Glands\n		Embryology\n		Anatomy\n			Parotid Gland\n			Submandibular and Sublingual Glands\n			Applied Anatomy\n		Histology\n		Imaging\n			Conventional Radiography\n			Conventional Sialography\n			Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\n			MR Sialography Technique\n			Ultrasound Technique\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Clinical Applications: Pathological Conditions\n			Congenital Lesions\n			Inflammatory Diseases of the Major Salivary Glands\n			Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Parotid Lymphoepithelial Lesions/Cysts\n			Benign Lymphoepithelial Sialadenopathy (Autoimmune Sialosis)\n			Neoplasms of Salivary Glands\n		References\n	10 Oral Cavity and Oropharynx\n		Introduction\n		Developmental Considerations\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Imaging Techniques\n			CT\n			MR Imaging\n			Ultrasonography\n		Tumors of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx\n			Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n			Non-Squamous Cell Neoplasms\n		Inflammatory Lesions of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx\n		Congenital Lesions\n		Miscellaneous Pathology\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\nSection VI: Infrahyoid Neck\n	11 Larynx and Hypopharynx\n		Introduction\n		Developmental Considerations\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Larynx\n			Hypopharynx\n			Tissue Characteristics on Sectional Imaging\n		Imaging Techniques\n			Computed Tomography\n			Magnetic Resonance Imaging\n			Other Imaging Modalities\n		Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n			Epidemiology and Rationale for Imaging\n			Tumor Sites and Patterns of Tumor Spread\n			Invasion of the Deep Paralaryngeal Spaces\n			Cartilage Invasion\n			Pretherapeutic T-Classification According to the TNM System\n			Atypical Forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n		Non-Squamous Cell Neoplasms\n			Vasoformative Tumors\n			Tumors of the Laryngeal Skeleton\n			Tumors of the Lymphoreticular System\n			Tumors of the Minor Salivary Glands\n			Tumors of Fatty Tissue\n			Metastases to the Larynx\n			Myogenic Tumors\n			Neurogenic Tumors\n		Morphological Changes Induced by Tumor Treatment and Detection of Tumor Recurrence\n			Surgical Procedures, Postoperative Changes, and Tumor Recurrence in the Operated Larynx\n			Radiation-Induced Changes and Tumor Recurrence in the Irradiated Larynx\n		Cystic Lesions, Pouches, Diverticula, and Webs\n			Larynx\n			Hypopharynx\n		Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions\n		Congenital Lesions\n		Vocal Cord Paralysis\n		Trauma\n			Larynx\n			Hypopharynx\n		References\n	12 Other Infrahyoid Neck Lesions\n		Introduction\n		Anatomy\n		Imaging Techniques\n			CT Scanning\n			MR Imaging\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine Studies of the Thyroid Gland\n			FDG-PET\n		Neoplastic Lesions\n			Nodal Neoplasms\n			Nonnodal Neoplasms\n			Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland Masses\n		Imaging of the Neck after Treatment\n			Radiation-Induced Changes in the Neck\n			Postoperative Changes after Various Types of Neck Dissection and Reconstruction with Flaps\n		Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions\n			Cervical Chain Nodal Inflammation and Infection\n			Infection of the Retropharyngeal Space\n			Bacterial Soft-Tissue Infections\n			Complications of Bacterial Infections\n			Vertebral Body Spondylodiskitis\n			Inflammatory Diseases of Neck Muscles and Tendons\n			Inflammatory Lesions of the Thyroid Gland\n			Branchial Cleft Anomalies\n			Thyroglossal Duct Cyst\n			Vascular Malformations\n		Miscellaneous Pathology\n		Acknowledgments\n		References\nIndex