Imaging Anatomy: Text and Atlas Volume 1, Lungs, Mediastinum, and Heart

Imaging Anatomy
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Contributors
1 Thoracic Wall
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Bony Thorax
		Ribs
		Sternum
	Anatomical Variations of the Bones
		Pectus Excavatum and Pectus Carinatum
	Chest Wall Pathologies
	Muscles of the Chest Wall
		Muscles of the Anterior Chest Wall
		Abdominal Wall Muscles
		Muscles of the Posterior Chest Wall
		Erector Spinae Muscles
		Thoracolumbar Fascia
		Intercostal Muscles
		Muscles of the Thoracic Inlet
		Subclavius Muscle
	Arterial Supply to the ThoracicWall
		Thyrocervical Trunk
		Internal Thoracic Artery
		Thoracoacromial Artery
		Lateral Thoracic Artery
		Subscapular Artery
	Intercostal NeurovascularBundle
	Veins of the Chest Wall
	Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
		Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet
2 Tracheobronchial System
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Tracheal Anatomy
		Vascular and Nerve Supply
	Carina and Bronchial Anatomy
	Hilar Anatomy
	Segmental Bronchial Anatomy
		Characteristics of Small Airways
		Bronchial Vascular Anatomy
	Main Anatomical Variations and Malformation
	Complementary Role of CT andFiberoptic Bronchoscopy
		Dynamic Airway Evaluation
	Pathology
3 Mediastinum and Thymus
	Introduction
	Compartmentalized Anatomy
	ITMIG Classification
	Components
		Ligaments
	Thymus
	Mediastinal Fat
	Lymph Nodes
	Lymphatic Vessels
		Thoracic Duct
	Nerves
		Phrenic Nerves
		Vagus Nerves
	Sympathetic Chains
		Superior Pulmonary Sulcus
	Mediastinal Pathways of Communication with Neck and Abdomen
4 Lungs
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Anatomy
		Lobes and Segmental Anatomy
		Secondary Pulmonary Lobule and Pulmonary Acini
		Interalveolar Air Drift
	Pulmonary Function
		Lung Ventilation
		Lung Circulation
		Pulmonary Artery Microcirculation
		Bronchial Artery Circulation
		Bronchopulmonary Arterial Collateral Flow
		Ventilation to Perfusion Matching
	Imaging of Lung Function
	Radiological Diagnosis of Pulmonary Abnormalities
5 The Pleura
	Introduction
	Embryology
	The Pleura
		Boundaries and Pleural Recesses
		Histology
		Blood Supply
		Innervation
		Lymphatic Drainage
	Incomplete and Accessory Fissures
	Common Diseases of the Pleura
		Pleural Effusion
		Pneumothorax
		Pleural Masses
6 Pulmonary Artery and Vein
	Pulmonary Artery
	Pulmonary Vein
	Embryology
		Pulmonary Arteries
		Pulmonary Veins
	Developmental Failure
		Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
		Aberrant Left Pulmonary Artery
		Systemic Arterial Supply to the Lung
		Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
		Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
	Pulmonary Artery Diameters in Pathologies
7 Pulmonary and Systemic Veins
	Introduction
	Systemic Veins
		Superior Vena Cava
	Brachiocephalic Veins
	Left Superior Intercostal Vein
	Azygos System and Inferior Vena Cava
		Embryology
		Variants and Pathologies
	Pulmonary Veins
		Anatomy
		Embryology
		Ostial Pulmonary Vein
		Structure of the Pulmonary Vein Ostia
		Techniques for Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
		Pathology
		Anomalies
8 Thoracic Aorta and Major Branches
	Anatomy
	Ascending Aorta
		Branches from the Ascending Aorta
	Aortic Arch
		Branches from the Aortic Arch
	Descending Thoracic Aorta
		Branches from Descending Aorta
	Embryological Development
	Anatomical Variations and Anomalies
		Right Aortic Arch
		Double Aortic Arch
		Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery
		Patent Ductus Arteriosus
		Left Vertebral Artery Originating from Aortic Arch
		Coarctation of the Aorta
		Pseudocoarctation of the Aorta
9 Lymphatics and Nerves of the Thorax
	Introduction
	Nerves
		Innervation of Thoracic Wall
		Vagus Nerves
		Phrenic Nerves
		Sympathetic Nerves
		Motor Innervation of the Diaphragm
		Pulmonary Innervation
		Esophageal Innervation
		Cardiac Innervation
	Lymphatics
		Lymphatic Drainage of the Thoracic Wall
		Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs
		Thoracic Duct
		Thymus Lymphatics
		Esophageal Lymphatics
		Mediastinum
		Pericardial and Cardiac Lymphatics
10 Diaphragm
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Anatomy
		Central Tendon
		Muscular Attachments
		Variable Appearance of the Diaphragmatic Muscular Slips
		Diaphragm Ligaments
		Diaphragmatic Crus
	Diaphragmatic Hiatuses
		Vena Cava Hiatus
		Esophageal Hiatus
		Aortic Hiatus
		Sternocostal Triangle (Larrey’s Space, Morgagni’s Foramen)
		Lumbocostal Triangle (Bochdalek’s Foramen)
		Tiny Diaphragmatic Fenestrations
	Diaphragmatic Hernias
		Hiatal Hernia
		Morgagni’s Hernia
		Bochdalek’s Hernia
	Innervation
	Blood Supply
		Arteries
		Veins
		Lymphatics
	Physiology
	Dysfunction of the Diaphragm
		Phrenic Nerve Injury
	Eventration
	Other Pathologies
11 Breast Anatomy
	Introduction
	Embryology and Development
	Breast Parenchyma
	Ducts and Lobules
	Nipple–Areolar Complex
	Neuromuscular Anatomy and Chest Wall
	Lymphatics and Axilla
	Vascular Anatomy
		Arterial System
		Venous System
12 General Anatomy of the Heart
	Introduction
	Heart Borders in the Thorax
	Anatomical Position of the Cardiac Structures
	Anatomical Surfaces and Anglesof the Heart
	Right Atrium
		Superior Right Atrium Landmarks
		Anterolateral Right Atrium Landmarks
		Inferior Right Atrium Landmarks
		Medial Right Atrium Landmarks
	Left Atrium
		Components of the Left Atrium
		Pulmonary Vein Ostia
		Left Atrial Appendage
		Important Periatrial Structures
	Interatrial Septum
		Patent Foramen Ovale
		Atrial Septal Aneurysm
	Right Ventricle
		Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
		Right Ventricle Size
		Right Ventricle Function
		Tricuspid Valve
		Pulmonary Valve
	Left Ventricle
		Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
		Mitral Valve
		Aortic Valve
		Membranous Septum
		Left Ventricular Function
	Ventricular Septum
	Atrioventricular Conduction Axis
13 Atrioventricular Septal Region
	Introduction
	Anatomical Arrangement of the Base of the Ventricular Mass
	The Cardiac Valvar Attachments
	The Inaccurate Notion of a“Cardiac Skeleton”
	The Inferior Pyramidal Space
	The Membranous Septum
	The Atrial Septum
	The Atrioventricular Conduction Axis
	The Right-Sided Paraseptal Areas
	The Atrioventricular Valves and Papillary Muscles
	The Arterial Roots
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
14 The Aortic Valve
	Introduction
	Anatomy
		Ventriculoarterial Junction
		Aortic Leaflets
		Aortic Annulus
		Interleaflet Triangles
		Sinuses of Valsalva
		Sinotubular Junction
	Aortic Diseases
		Lambl’s Excrescences
		Papillary Fibroelastoma
		Bicuspid Aortic Valve
		Aortic Stenosis
		Aortic Leaflet Prolapse
		Aortic Endocarditis
		Dilation of the Aortic Root (Aortic Aneurysm)
15 Pulmonary Valve
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Anatomy
		Arterial Supply
	Imaging Techniques
	Pathologies
		Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
		Pulmonary Regurgitation
		Congenital Heart Disease and the Pulmonary Root
		Valve Replacement
16 The Mitral Valve
	Introduction
	Mitral Valve Apparatus
		Mitral Annulus
		Mitral Leaflets
		Chordae Tendineae
		Papillary Muscles
	Anatomical Variant
	Common Pathologies
		Mitral Valve Regurgitation
		Organic Mitral Insufficiency
		Functional Mitral Regurgitation
		Mitral Valve Stenosis
17 The Tricuspid Valve Apparatus
	Introduction
	Formation of the Tricuspid Valve
	Normal Tricuspid Valve
		Tricuspid Annulus
	Imaging of the TV Apparatus Morphology
		Tricuspid Annulus Measurements
	Morphological Abnormalities of Tricuspid
		Tricuspid Valve Dysfunction
18 Coronary Arteries and Myocardial Perfusion
	Introduction
	Epicardial Coronary Arteries
		Embryology
		Gross Anatomy
		Segmental Classification
		Common Variants
	Participants of Intercoronary Connections
	Interventricular Septum
	Conotruncal Arterial Circulation
	Arterial Supply of the Conduction System
		Sinoatrial Nodal Artery
		S-Shaped Posterior SAN Artery
		Atrioventricular Nodal Artery
	Atrial Branches
		Kugel’s Artery
		Right Superior Descending (Septal) Artery
	Coronary Microvasculature
	Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Perfusion
	CT Imaging after Coronary Bypass Graft
19 The Coronary Veins
	Introduction
	Development of the Cardiac Veins
	Classification of the Coronary Veins
	Smaller Cardiovascular System (Thebesian Vessels)
		Thebesian Sinusoids of Special Structures
		Conduction System
		Papillary Muscles
		Left Ventricle Venoluminal Thebesian Vessels
	Atrial Venous System
		Veins of the Left AtrialWall
		Veins of the Right Atrial Wall
	Coronary Sinus Tributaries
		Imaging Methods
		Great Cardiac Vein
		Inferior Interventricular Vein
		Left Posterior (Posterolateral) and Left Marginal Veins
		Small Cardiac Vein
		Oblique Vein of the Left Atrium (Marshall)
		Ventricular Septal Veins
		Valves of Coronary Veins
		Coronary Sinus Boundaries
		Variation of the Coronary Vein Sizes
		Coronary Veins and Congenital Heart Disease
	Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
	Other Topics
		Coronary Sinus Interatrial Muscle Connections
		Relationship of Coronary Veins and the Mitral Annulus
		Coronary Sinus Retrograde Cardioplegia Perfusion Delivery
	Conclusion
20 The Pericardium
	Introduction
	Embryology
	Pericardium
		Pericardial Reflection
		Transverse Sinus
		Oblique Sinus
	Imaging of the Pericardium
		Percutaneous Approach to Pericardial Cavity
	Common Pathologies
	Extracardiac Fat
21 Appendix
	Catheter, Support Devices and Drains on Plain X-rays
Index