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دانلود کتاب Ignition Handbook: Principles and Applications to Fire Safety Engineering, Fire Investigation, Risk Management and Forensic Science
دانلود کتاب کتاب اشتعال: اصول و کاربردهای مهندسی ایمنی در برابر آتش ، بررسی آتش ، مدیریت ریسک و علوم پزشکی قانونی
مشخصات کتاب
Ignition Handbook: Principles and Applications to Fire Safety Engineering, Fire Investigation, Risk Management and Forensic Science
ویرایش:
نویسندگان: Vytenis Babrauskas
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 0972811133, 9780972811132
ناشر:
سال نشر:
تعداد صفحات: 1128
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 38 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 32,000
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب اشتعال: اصول و کاربردهای مهندسی ایمنی در برابر آتش ، بررسی آتش ، مدیریت ریسک و علوم پزشکی قانونی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب کتاب اشتعال: اصول و کاربردهای مهندسی ایمنی در برابر آتش ، بررسی آتش ، مدیریت ریسک و علوم پزشکی قانونی
این مرجع سنگین، حوزه اشتعال (یا با استفاده از اصطلاح قدیمی تر، التهاب) آتش سوزی های ناخواسته را در بر می گیرد. تأکید بر جنبه‌های عملی تعیین علل آتش‌سوزی است، با زیربنای نظری به گونه‌ای خلاصه شده است که حتی برای پزشکان پیشرفته نیز کافی است. این کتاب مقدمه ای بر علم آتش نیست. فرض بر این است که خوانندگان پیشینه ای در علم/مهندسی آتش نشانی یا تحقیقات آتش سوزی دارند. مخاطبان گسترده هستند، از جمله تمرین‌کنندگانی که در بررسی آتش‌سوزی‌های گذشته و همچنین مهندسانی که به‌دنبال به حداقل رساندن پتانسیل اشتعال در ساختمان‌ها و تأسیساتی که طراحی می‌کنند، هستند. پس از پوشش اصطلاحات و اصول، فصل‌هایی که به خوبی ارجاع داده شده‌اند، احتراق گازها و بخارات، ابرهای گرد و غبار، مایعات، جامدات معمولی و عناصر، و همچنین خودگرم شدن، مواد منفجره و آتش‌زا، منابع اشتعال خارجی، و اقدامات پیشگیرانه را مورد بحث قرار می‌دهند. بخشی از صفحات رنگی متن را پشتیبانی می کند و دو فصل آخر شامل اطلاعاتی در مورد مواد و دستگاه های خاص و جداول مفید است. نویسنده یک شرکت مشاوره در این زمینه را رهبری می کند.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
This hefty reference encompasses the field of ignition (or, using an older term, inflammation) of unwanted fires. Emphasis is on the practical aspects of determining causes of fires, with the theoretical underpinnings summarized in a way that should suffice for even advanced practitioners. The book is not meant as an introduction to fire science; readers are presumed to have background in either fire sceince/engineering or in fire investigation. The audience is wide, including practitioners involved in investigating past fires as well as engineers seeking to minimize the potential for ignition in the buildings and facilities they design. After coverage of terminology and fundamentals, the well-referenced chapters discuss ignition of gases and vapors, dust clouds, liquids, common solids, and elements, as well as self-heating, explosives and pyrotechnics, external ignition sources, and preventive measures. A section of color plates supports the text, and the final two chapters include information on specific materials and devices, and useful tables. The author heads a consulting firm in the field.
فهرست مطالب
Title page Foreword Preface About the author Acknowledgements Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction Background Fire ignition statistics The fire triangle and taxonomy of ignitions Some complications of definition Types of combustion and combustion-like reactions Apparatus-dependent nature of ignition The probabilistic nature of ignition and negative proof Comments to the fire investigator Computer methods References Chapter 2. Terminology Terms used in this book Definitions Abbreviations and acronyms References Chapter 3. Fundamentals of combustion Introduction Thermochemistry Heat of combustion Constant-volume heat of combustion Effective heat of combustion; heats of explosion and detonation Relations between fuel and air Adiabatic flame temperature Reaction kinetics Branching chain reactions Autocatalytic reactions Flame speed Types of explosions Pressure piling Deflagration to detonation transition Catalytic combustion Tests for fundamental combustion properties Further readings References Chapter 4. Ignition of gases and vapors Highlights and summary of practical guidance Exothermic reactions in gases Slow oxidation Cool flames Multiple ignition temperatures Autoignition of premixed gases Theory Ignition of specific fuels Experimental determination of the AIT Variables affecting the AIT Molecular structure Fuel concentration Pressure Oxygen concentration Vessel size and operating conditions Wall material Flow velocity and turbulence Other relations AIT of mixtures Ignition time Effect of fuel type and mixture composition Effect of pressure Effect of flow rate Sub-ignition, two-stage, and multi-stage ignitions Ignition due to compression or shock Piloted ignition of premixed gases Ignition with the presence of excited species Spark ignition phenomema Theories for spark ignition, MIE, and quenching distance Ignition from breaking wires or moving contacts Pilot flame ignition Ignition by burning particles Variables affecting ignition of gases when piloted with the presence of excited species Chemical nature of the fuel Oxygen concentration Diluents Fuel concentration Temperature Pressure Gravity Test geometry Mixture velocity and turbulence Wall materials Circuit topology Spark duration Electrode arrangement Electrode materials Ignition in the absence of excited species and hot-wire ignitions of all types Hot surface ignition and catalytic effects Experimental studies Catalytic (surface) ignition Theories Fused wire ignition Ignition by hot, non-flaming gases and MESG Ignition by laser energy Direct thermal heating of gas Photochemical excitation of gas Laser-induced breakdown of gas Radiative heating of small particles in the atmosphere Laser-induced breakdown of gas aided by presence of small particles Flammability limits Theory Flammability limits in mass units Estimation of flammability limits Flammability limits for mixtures Variables affecting flammability limits Oxygen concentration Pressure Temperature Velocity Gravity Turbulence and sloshing Measuring apparatus Ignition source Additives Minimum oxygen concentration for flammability Unified theories of gas ignition Ignition of non-premixed gases Initiation of gaseous detonations Minimum energy for detonation Detonation limits Tests for ignition properties of gases Autoignition temperature Early methods Heated tube tests Tests primarily for liquids Other test methods Heated-surface ignition Flammability limits Bureau of Mines flammability tube ASTM E 681 Proposed EN method ASTM E 918 ASTM E 2079 UL tests Research tests Minimum ignition energy ASTM E 582 test Quenching distance MESG IEC/PTB and HSE 20 mL spheres Westerberg apparatus (UL) Further readings References Chapter 5. Ignition of dust clouds Highlights and summary of practical guidance General principles Chemistry of combustion Flammability limits Lower flammability limits Upper flammability limit AIT, quenching distance and MESG Theory of ignition of dust clouds Hybrid gas/dust-cloud ignitions Ignition sources for dust clouds Mechanical sparks Electric sparks Hot surfaces Glowing nests Others Clouds of powdered fibers (flock) Analysis and application of data Variables affecting the AIT Dust concentration Volatile content Particle diameter Moisture Oxygen concentration Residence time Turbulence Test apparatus volume Variables affecting the flammability limits Probability level used for the definition of the LFL Particle diameter Temperature Pressure Moisture Oxygen concentration Igniter energy supplied Variables affecting the MIE Dust concentration Particle diameter Temperature Pressure Moisture Oxygen concentration Turbulence Charge on particles Spark electrodes: material and gap size Spark circuit parameters Air velocity and turbulence Test vessel size Risk management based on the MIE Diluting with inert gases Diluting with inert dusts Tests for ignition properties of dust clouds ASTM E 1491 ASTM E 2019 Godbert-Greenwald furnace Bureau of Mines 1.2 L furnace BAM oven Hartmann apparatus Bureau of Mines 6.8 L chamber Spheres and other 20 L chambers Nordtest 15 L apparatus 1 m3 spheres ASTM E 1232 IEC 61241-2-3/Mike 3 CMI mechanical impact test Further readings References Chapter 6. Ignition of liquids Highlights and summary of practical guidance Accidental ignitions of liquids Properties of liquids Autoignition of liquids Ignition of single drops Liquid aerosols or sprays Flash point and fire point Flash point Upper flash point The fire point The pre-flash ‘halo’ The distribution of fuel vapors above the surface Estimations of flash point Flash points of mixtures Ideal mixtures Non-ideal mixtures Mixtures with halogenated components Flash points of petroleum distillates Relation between flash point and MIE Piloted ignition of liquids Spark ignition of liquid aerosols or sprays Minimum ignition energy High flash-point liquids Limits of flammability for liquid aerosols MESG of liquid aerosols Hot surface ignition of droplets, sprays or spills Single droplets of a pure fuel Hot engine surfaces and related problems Pools Pools at or above their flash point Pools below their flash point Ignition of fuel in closed vessels Effect of vapor/liquid volume ratio Effect of slosh Radiant ignition of liquids Thick layers Thin layers Ignition of liquids by other means Tests for ignition properties of liquids Autoignition temperature Early test methods ASTM D 286 ASTM D 2155 ASTM E 659 Other Bureau of Mines tests Flash point ASTM D 56 ASTM D 92 ASTM D 93 ASTM D 1310 ASTM D 3278 ASTM D 3828 ASTM D 3934 ASTM D 3941 Abel flash point test Tests for other properties ASTM D 4206 test for sustained burning Hydraulic fluid sprays ISO 15029 Factory Mutual tests MSHA spray test Further readings References Chapter 7. Ignition of common solids Highlights and summary of practical guidance Types of ignition General principles of flaming ignition Qualitative features The ignition problem for solids Research into ignition of solids Ignition temperature as ignition criterion Mass loss rate as ignition criterion HRR as an ignition criterion Other criteria for ignition Ignition from radiant heating Gas phase events Cool flames Comprehensive theories Atreya’s model Engineering treatments for thermally thick solids Development of approximate solutions Janssens’ procedure Non-constant heat flux—generalization of Janssens’ procedure Quintiere’s procedure Tewarson’s procedure Other data treatment procedures Relation between minimum and critical fluxes Engineering treatments for thermally thin solids Condition 1—back face insulated Condition 2—back face cooled Condition 3—back face also heated Other issues for thin slabs Illustrative data Composite materials Criteria for distinguishing thermally thick versus thin materials General and intermediate-thickness materials Energy needed for ignition Laser ignition Ignition from convective heating or immersion in a hot environment Ignition theories for convective heating Lumped-capacitance model Thermally-thick solid—constant heat flux Thermally-thick solid—constant convective transfer coefficient Thermally-thick solid—boundary layer solution Ignition theories for submersion in hot environments Theoretical solutions for other problem conditions Thermally-thick inert solid with fixed net heat flux Thermally-thick inert solid with fixed heat flux and convective cooling Thermally-thick reactive solid with fixed heat flux Finite-thickness inert plate with fixed heat flux Finite-thickness reactive plate Finite-thickness polymer undergoing charring Thermally-thick reactive solid held at a fixed face temperature indefinitely Thermally-thick reactive solid held at a fixed face temperature for a finite time Thermally-thick reactive solid receiving fixed radiant heat flux only Solid receiving a brief, high-intensity pulse of radiation Porous solids Diathermanous solids Miscellaneous geometries Depletion of reactants not ignored Ignition from localized sources Small flames Small-diameter, high-intensity heat sources Hot bodies Ignition from large flames Duration of ignited burning Flashing vs. sustained flaming Sustained flaming after initial ignition Variables affecting ignition of solids Type of pilot (or lack thereof) Orientation Exposed area size Air flow rate Oxygen concentration Piloted ignition Autoignition Chemical composition of diluents Total pressure Moisture and relative humidity Initial temperature of specimen Acceleration of gravity Surface absorptivity, material transparency, surface coatings, and spectral characteristics of the radiant source Polymer structure Porosity Fire retardants Movement of the surface Surface roughness Ignitability of aged, degraded, or charred materials Wetting by water Type of apparatus Mass of sample Long-term radiant exposures Arcing across a carbonized path Glowing ignition Smoldering ignition Theory Effect of layer thickness Effect of packing density or porosity Smolder promoters and smolder inhibitors Transition from smoldering to flaming ignition Indicators of smoldering Tests for ignition properties of solids Flame ignition tests ASTM D 2859 methenamine pill test CS 191-53 (16 CFR 1610) flammable fabrics test FF-3-71 (16 CFR 1615) and FF-5-74 (16 CFR 1616) children’s sleepwear tests CPSC 16 CFR 1500.44 flammable solids test NFPA 701 and NFPA 705 methods ASTM D 1692 UL 94 test series UL end-product tests Small-flame tests for wire and cable ASTM D 2633 UL 1581 IEC tests MVSS 302 FAR Bunsen burner test ISO 11925-2 small flame test Large-flame tests Radiant ignition tests The Cone Calorimeter ISO 5657 ASTM E 1321 (LIFT) FM Fire Propagation Apparatus—ASTM E 2058 ASTM E 1623 (ICAL) Arc tracking and arc ignition tests ASTM D 495 ASTM D 2303 ASTM D 3032 ASTM D 3638 MIL-STD-2223 UL tests Electric spark or arc ignition Bureau of mines electric spark method Nordtest NT Fire 016 method NIST electric arc method Smoldering Cellulose insulation Mattress tests Burning brand ignition ASTM E 108 roof test Other types of tests Convective heating tests Hot wire or bar ignition tests Hot rivet or nut tests Setchkin furnace, ASTM D 1929 Limiting oxygen index (LOI), ASTM D 2863 Thermal analysis tests Further readings References Chapter 8. Ignition of elements Highlights and summary of practical guidance Ignition of metals General principles Theories Theories for a single, isolated mass Theories for metal dust layers Effect of oxygen concentration Effect of pressure Effect of flow velocity Effect of moisture Ignition of carbon Graphite and other relatively pure forms of carbon Coal, coke, and other relatively impure forms of carbon Single particles Dust clouds Test methods References Chapter 9. Self-heating Highlights and summary of practical guidance Introduction Basic phenomena Theory of self-heating Steady-state theory for symmetrically cooled bodies Peak temperatures under subcritical conditions Bodies of other shapes Steady state theory for unsymmetrically cooled bodies Infinite slab Hollow infinite cylinder Steady-state theory including oxygen diffusion Steady-state theory including fuel depletion Correction for low activation energy More complex reactions Hot work, cold work, and hot spots Hot work Cold work Inert hot spots Reactive hot spots Applied heat flux Transient theory Estimating time to criticality Linearly increasing surface temperature More advanced models Applications Ignition from self-heating Effects of different variables on self-heating Chemical and physical nature of the substance Pile size and shape, and porosity of the substance Particle size Temperature Time of storage Access of air Oxygen concentration Insulation Multiple packing Moisture and rain Density Antioxidants Contaminants Multiple-component substances Ignition of dust layers Electrical heating problems Hot spots Self-heating in liquids Liquid-soaked porous solids Detonation or deflagration upon self-heating Preventive measures Tests for self-heating or reactivity Real-scale tests UN Test H1—The US SADT test Geometric-scaling tests Scaling according to Frank-Kamenetskii theory Oven-basket tests: FRS method Simple form of analysis FRS method of analysis Treatment for initially-hot substances Treatment for substances varying in density Variations in loading Estimating the Biot number Estimating the thermal conductivity Worked examples Limitations and validation of small-scale test procedures Oven-basket tests: crossing point methods Oven-basket tests: Nordtest method Oven-basket tests: IMO test Oven-basket tests: UN Test N4 Hotplate tests ASTM E 2021 test Scaling according to Semenov theory General Dewar flask testing UN Test H2—Adiabatic storage test UN Test H4—Heat accumulation storage test Calorimeter tests Adiabatic calorimeters Isothermal calorimeters ARC and APTAC tests Other industrial reaction calorimeters Thermal analysis methods DTA, DSC, and related techniques Simple screening test based on DSC Quantitative ASTM procedures ASTM E 698 ASTM E 793 ASTM E 1641 ASTM E 1231 Qualitative ASTM procedures UN Test H3—Isothermal storage test Empirical or qualitative tests Mackey test and related tests Ordway test Mackey test ASTM E 771 test ASTM E 476 UN Test O1 for oxidizing solids UN Test O2 for oxidizing liquids UN Test S1—Trough test for fertilizers containing nitrates Bureau of Mines dust layer ignition temperature test Oxygen consumption calorimetry Further readings References Chapter 10. Explosives, pyrotechnics, reactives Highlights and summary of practical guidance Unstable substances Heat of formation Heat of decomposition Self-heating of liquids Theory Experimental studies Self-heating of solids Runaway exothermic reactions Reactive substances Explosives Types of explosives Chemistry of explosives Oxygen balance Initiation and ignition Self-heating, stability in storage, and exposure to heat Impact and shock Theories of impact and shock initiation Flames Radiant heating Hot bodies in contact Friction Compression Electricity Light energy and ionizing radiation Crystal growth RF initiation Modeling detonation Ignition of air/fuel-gas atmospheres by condensed-phase explosives Variables affecting the behavior of explosives Practical applications Initiating devices Permissible explosives Blasting agents Insensitive munitions Safe distances for storage Propellants Ignition theory and experimental data Pyrotechnics Chemistry of pyrotechnic reactions Practical applications Test methods UN tests Drop-hammer tests Koenen/BAM friction sensitivity test Card-gap test Readily combustible solids Pyrophoric solids Pyrophoric liquids Water-reactive solids or liquids Oxidizing solids Oxidizing liquids US military standard tests Vacuum stability and chemical decomposition tests Laboratory scale impact test Electrostatic sensitivity test Adiabatic sensitivity test Cookoff tests Shock initiation sensitivity test Henkin test for explosion temperature Sensitivity to initiation Permissible explosives Other tests Pendulum friction test for glancing blows NOL thermal sensitivity test Bureau of Mines test for oxidizing solids LLNL Steven test Further readings References Chapter 11. Ignition sources Highlights and summary of practical guidance Introduction High ambient temperatures Hot solids or liquids Large hot surfaces in contact—Theory Small hot objects—Theory Airborne burning objects (flying brands) Ignition of buildings Ignition of wildland fires Prediction of spotting distances Exhaust particles Welding spatter Brands ejected from fireplace Friction and mechanical sparks General principles Ignition of flammable gas atmospheres Ignition of dust clouds and layers of porous materials Shock, impact, pressure, vibration Shock and impact Dropped objects High-velocity impacting particles (unheated) Pressure (compression ignition) Vibration Flames or remote objects Small burner flames and small burning objects Larger flaming sources and burners Kitchen sources Large laboratory burners Jets and high velocity burners Solid-fuel ignition sources Burning fabrics Burning furniture Large burning objects Liquid pools , wood cribs Fireballs and jet flames Burning buildings Heat fluxes to the façade of the burning building Heat fluxes to other buildings Design methods Burning forests and vegetation Burning vehicles Heat fluxes in pre-flashover room fires Heat fluxes on burning walls Heat fluxes in post-flashover room fires Attenuation of radiation by window glass and window screens Electric phenomena Electric discharges The electric spark The electric arc Arcing and vibration Pressures developed by an electric arc Electric current Overheating wires Overheating electrical connections Ejection of hot particles Dendrites Adventitious batteries Static electricity General principles Discharge types Spark Corona discharge Brush discharge Powder heap discharge Propagating brush discharge Lightning-like discharge Measuring of discharges Electrostatic charging and discharging of solids Electrostatic charging and discharging of persons and apparel Electrostatic charging and discharging of granular materials Electrostatic charging and discharging of liquids Safety measures Lightning Ordinary lightning Ignitions from lightning St. Elmo’s fire Ball lightning Exploding wires Electromagnetic waves and particulate radiation Eddy currents Radio transmitters Nuclear weapons Light energy, lenses and mirrors Aerodynamic heating Further readings References Chapter 12. Preventive measures General precautions Measures against static electricity Lightning protection Arresters—flame and spark Flame arresters Spark arresters Design of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres NEC requirements Article 500 (traditional classification) Article 505 (IEC classification) Design of equipment for hazardous locations Explosionproof equipment Dust-ignition-proof equipment Intrinsically safe equipment Test methods: UL 913 and IEC 60079-11 Test methods: HSE high-current apparatus Test methods: SMRE tests Increased safety protection Pressurized enclosures Sealed, encapsulated, oil-immersed, and powder-filled devices Miscellaneous protection strategies Design of equipment for mining Arc fault and cord fault interrupters Further readings References Chapter 13. Special topics Explosions in buildings Diffusion of flammable vapors from spills Ignition of gas jets from broken pipes Damages and ignitions from gas explosions Ignition in room fires Upper layer ignition in room fires Backdrafts and smoke explosions Rekindle ignitions Unconfined vapor cloud explosions (UVCEs) BLEVEs (boiling liquid, expanding vapor explosions) Oxygen-enriched atmospheres Test methods ASTM G 72 autoignition test ASTM G 124 piloted ignition test for metals ASTM G 74 gas stream impact test ASTM D 2512 and ASTM G 86 mechanical impact tests ASTM G 125 oxygen-index test for oxygen-enriched atmospheres Wildland-urban interface Determining ignition properties in fire investigations Further readings References Color plates Chapter 14. A to Z Introduction Accelerants in incendiary fires Acetylene and related compounds Aerosol cans Agricultural products Self-heating Electrostatic properties Air compressors and compressed air systems Aircraft cabin wall panels Airplanes Alcoholic beverages Aldehydes Ammonia Ammonium nitrate and ANFO Ammonium perchlorate Antifreeze Arsenic compounds Ashes Asphalt Automatic transmission fluid Aviation fuels Azides Bagasse and bagasse products Boranes Boron Brake fluid Calcium resinate Camping fuel Candles Tea candles Gel candles Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Cellulose Cellulose insulation Cellulose nitrate, Celluloid, pyroxylin Charcoal, coke, and related products Charcoal Charcoal briquettes Coke Activated charcoal Activated carbon Chimneys and flues6F 5-Chloro-1,2,3-thiadiazole Christmas trees, artificial Cigarettes and cigars Clothes irons CO2 extinguishers Coal Properties of coal Porosity and sorption of water External ignition Self-heating Coal dust Coal pulverizers Coffeemakers and teapots7F Composite materials Fiber-reinforced plastic High-pressure laminates, low-pressure laminates, and related products Compost, manure, garbage, sewage, and landfills Computer and information technology equipment Conveyor belts Cooking appliances Grills Cork Cotton Crankcase explosions Crude oil Curling irons and hair dryers Curtains Diapers, disposable Diesel fuel Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine Dishwashers Dryers and washers (for clothes) Dryers (process dryers) Dung, fecal matter Dusts Ignition of layers Explosions Earthquakes Electric (general statistics) Electric appliances and electronic equipment High-limit switches Electric batteries Electric blankets and mattress pads Electric circuit interruption devices Electric fences Electric lamps and lighting fixtures Ordinary incandescent lamps Halogen lamps Arc discharge lamps9F Fluorescent lamps Lighting fixtures: Incandescent Christmas tree lights Lighting fixtures: Fluorescent Electric motors Electric outlets, plugs and connections Failures at plugs Failures at outlets Miscellaneous connection failures The aluminum wiring problem Incendiarism Electric switches Electric transmission and distribution systems Transformers Busbars, switchboards, and panelboards Insulated distribution cables Service drops and high current capacity conduits High voltage insulators Electric wires and cables Modes of ignition of wiring Arcing Carbonization of insulation (arc tracking) Externally-induced ionization of air Short circuits High-voltage breakdown in low-voltage circuits Excessive ohmic heating Gross overloads Excessive thermal insulation Stray currents and ground faults Overvoltage and floating neutrals Harmonic distortion or overload Ignition from external heating Contributory factors Mechanical injury Solid conductors—parallel arcing Solid conductors—series arcing Stranded conductors—parallel arcing Stranded conductors—series arcing (last strand problem) Excessive pressure and creep of insulation Overdriven staples Poor splices or terminations Degradation and aging of insulation Partial discharges Chemical damage Alloying during melting Appliance cords and extension cords Impaired cooling Wires in steel conduits Electric wiring: Cause or victim? Arc beads and fire-melted wires Proposed methods of distinguishing ‘cause’ from ‘victim’ beads Microscopy methods Raman spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis methods AES, SIMS, and ESCA methods Viability of proposed schemes Electric wiring and equipment in motor vehicles Electric wiring in aircraft Electronic components Engines, diesel Ethers Ethylene Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide Explosives Fabrics Ignition temperature Flame ignition Radiant ignition Convective heating Other forms of heating Elevated oxygen conditions Effects of treatments Farm machinery Feedstuffs Felt Fertilizers Fibers Fibers covered with oil Fire hoses Fishmeal Floor buffers Floor coverings Foodstuffs Forest materials, vegetation, and hay Ignition by hot gases and hot surfaces Ignition by matches and small flames Ignition by cigarettes Ignition by lightning Ignition from contact with power lines Radiant ignition Ignition by brands or small hot particles Spotting fires Self-heating Fuel oil Furnaces and boilers Gas-fired Oil-fired Furniture Gas meters, regulators, and piping Gasoline Gasoline substitutes Filling of portable gasoline containers Fueling vehicles at filling stations Filling station tanks Ground fault circuit interrupters Gypsum wallboard Hair Hairdresser chemicals Heat guns Heat tapes and heat cables Heat transfer liquids Heaters, catalytic Heaters, electric Built-in heaters Portable heaters House furnaces Heating equipment (general statistics) High-temperature accelerants Hops Humans Human skin HVAC equipment Hydraulic fluids Hydrazine Hydrocarbon gases Hydrogen Explosions due to adventitious hydrogen presence Hydroxylamine Incendiary timing, delay, and actuation devices Insecticides, pesticides, fungicides Iron sulfides Jute Kerosene Kerosene heaters Lambswool pads, imitation Lawn mowers Lime LNG and LPG Marijuana and hemp Matches and lighters Properties of matches Ignition potential of blown-out matches Lighters Metal alkyls Metal alloys Metal carbonyls Metal hydrides Metal oxides Metals Aluminum Bulk material Single particles Dust clouds and layers Aluminum in physical mixtures Antimony Barium Beryllium Bismuth Brass Cadmium Calcium Cerium, pyrophor, and cigarette-lighter ‘flints’ Cesium Chromium Cobalt Copper Hafnium Iron and steel Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Plutonium Potassium Rare earth elements Rubidium Sodium Strontium Tantalum Thorium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Zinc Zirconium Methane and natural gas Methyl bromide Methylene chloride Microwave ovens Mineral wool Motor vehicles Flammability of interior combustibles Automobile exhaust systems Automotive air bags Flammable refrigerants Neon lighting Nitrates Nitric acid and nitrogen oxides Nitrides Nitrogen, liquid Oils Vegetable and animal oils The iodine number test Mineral and synthetic oils Oil-water emulsions Organometallic compounds Otto fuel II Oxidizing chemicals Halogen fluorides Gaseous fluorine Liquid chlorine Water purifying and bleaching chemicals Carbon tetrachloride Aircraft oxygen generation canisters Compressed gaseous oxygen Liquid oxygen Oxygen pumps Oxygen regulators Paints, dyes, and related substances Paper products Paper Cardboard Paper vapor barrier Peat and organic soils Perchloric acid Perfluorocarbons Peroxides Inorganic peroxides Organic peroxides Pharmaceuticals Phosphines Phosphorus Pillows Pipe insulation Plastics Self-heating of solid plastics Elastomers and foams Potassium chlorate Powdered milk Power steering fluid Propane Propylene oxide Pyrotechnics Radio and audio equipment Railroads Rayon Refrigerators Rice husks Roofing materials Sanding machines Saunas Shredded materials Siding, plastic Silane and chlorosilanes Silicon Silicone fluids and polymers Skins and leathers Soaps Sodium chlorate and sodium chlorite Sodium dithionite Solder and soldering irons Soots, lampblack, other ‘blacks’ Soybeans Spas Stearic acid Steel turnings Styrene Sugar Sulfur Surge suppressor MOV devices Surgical tubing Tanks Asphalt storage tanks Tar (wood) Telephones, cellular Television sets and computer monitors Tents Textile wall coverings Thatch Thermostats Tinder Tires and wheels Toasters Town gas Turpentine Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine Upholstered furniture and mattresses Smoldering and ignition from cigarettes The possibility of safer cigarettes Ignition from small flames Ignitability from radiant heat Ignition from burning brands Ignitability mode comparisons Effect of wear and soiling UFAC and BIFMA requirements for ignitability California TB 117 standard for ignitability Flaming-source ignition experiments and proposed test by CPSC UK furniture regulations Mattresses Vacuum cleaners Wastes Water heaters Electric water heaters Gas-fired water heaters Welding33F Wood and related products Whole wood Properties of wood and its degradation and combustion Ignition temperature of wood Ignition from radiant heat flux Experimental results on piloted ignition Experimental results on autoignition Other radiant ignition effects Ignition from flames Glowing or smoldering ignition and ignition by firebrands Ignition from other external heating sources Effects of various factors on external ignition of wood Fire retardants Treatment with preservatives Impurities Charring Weathering, aging, decay, and rot Self-heating, ‘pyrophoric carbon,’ and ignitions from hot pipes Ignition by arc tracking Wood components Painted wood Hardboard Fiberboard Plywood Particleboard and oriented strand board Wood sawdust, chips, and wastes Oiled sawdust Wood pulp Shingles and shakes Wood-burning appliances Wool Further readings References Chapter 15. Tables Introduction Pure chemical substances Mixtures and commercial products Aviation hydraulic fluids and lubricating oils Refrigerants NEC Groups according to chemical families Dusts Ignition temperatures of solids Radiant ignition of plastics and elastomers Miscellaneous thermophysical properties of solids Further readings References Index Endpapers
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