IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage Ac Power Circuits. IEEE Power Engineering Society. Surge Protective Devices Committee

Achieving Practical Surge Immunity......Page 14
2.2.6 Test Environment......Page 15
3 Definitions......Page 17
4 References......Page 18
5.3 Switching Transients......Page 19
Notations and Definitions......Page 20
6.4 Field Experience......Page 21
Summary of Site Surveys......Page 22
Relative Number of Transients as a Function of Amplitude......Page 23
Spectral Density at Four Sites......Page 24
Maximum Transient Amplitude......Page 25
7.3.1 General......Page 26
7.3.3 Exposure Levels......Page 27
7.4.2 Ring Wave......Page 29
7.4.3 High-Energy Surges......Page 32
7.4.4 Fast Transients......Page 33
Amplitude Energy and Source Impedance......Page 34
7.7 Location Categories......Page 35
Reconciling Equipment Susceptibility and Environment Hostility......Page 36
Worst-case Design and Economic Trade-off......Page 38
Concept of Surge Immunity......Page 39
Categories A B and C......Page 41
Combination Wave Short-circuit Current......Page 42
Neutral-Ground Mode......Page 44
9.3.4 Unpowered Testing......Page 45
0.5 ps-100 kHz Ring Wave......Page 46
and Duration......Page 47
Equations for Standard Surge-Test Waveforms......Page 48
Fig......Page 49
Levels for EFT Burst......Page 50
Fig......Page 51
Levels for the Additional 10/1000 ps Waveform......Page 52
Levels for the Additional 5 kHz Ring Wave......Page 53
A1 Initial 1980 Data Base......Page 55
Voltage Pulse Accompanying Break of Current......Page 60
Lightning-Induced Ring Wave......Page 65
Differences in Amplitudes......Page 70
Possible Explanation for Low Values of Reported Transients......Page 71
Division of Lightning Current Among Multiple Paths......Page 74
Amplitude Spectral Density for Total of Goedbloed Data......Page 75
Differential Mode and Common Mode......Page 76
Capacitive Divider Effect in EFT Test......Page 78
Failure Rate Observations......Page 80
Level Versus Rate of Occurrence......Page 82
B16 Per-Unit......Page 85
fiPer-Unitfl......Page 86
B22 Timing of Surges With Respect to Power Frequency......Page 87
Utilities Interconnections and Interactions......Page 88
B24 VDE 0160 E3941 High-Energy Test......Page 89
Voltage and the Equipment Class......Page 91
C1 Bibliographic Information About References......Page 94
C2 Recorded Occurrences and Computed Simulations......Page 95
C3 Propagation Attenuation and Mitigation......Page 100
C4 Reviews and Discussions......Page 101
C5 Measurement Techniques and Test Methods......Page 103
C6 Related Standards......Page 106
and Their Effects on Equipment......Page 16
Rate of Surge Occurrences Versus Voltage Level at Unprotected Locations......Page 28
Isokeraunic Levels for the United States......Page 30
Isokeraunic Levels for the World......Page 31
Location Categories......Page 37
Typical Oscillograms......Page 56
Surge-Counter Recordings Above 1200 V Spring. Summer and Fall)......Page 57
Discharge Current at Maximum Injection: 500 Vldiv and 2 pddiv......Page 58
Effect of System Voltage on Transient Overvoltages for Three-Pulse Durations......Page 59
Influence of Cable Length on Overvoltage at End of Cable......Page 61
Capacitor Energizing Surges......Page 62
Local Capacitive Load Switching......Page 63
Typical Industrial Capacitor-Switching Transient (Low-Voltage Bank)......Page 64
Conversion of a Unidirectional Surge Into an Oscillatory Surge......Page 66
Swells Occurring Upon Recovery From a Remote System Fault......Page 67
Comparison of Waveforms Reported in the Literature......Page 73
Common Mode and Differential Mode in a Balanced Transmission Line......Page 77
Coupling Clamp for EFT Test......Page 79
Lightning Ground Flash Density 1987 (Data for Eastern United States Only)......Page 81
(1980) [41......Page 84
Example of Interconnection and Interaction of Utilities for Typical US Practice......Page 90
Duration-Amplitude Profile for the fi100/1300fl ps VDE 0160 [B941 Surge......Page 92
Standard 1.2150 ps-8/20 ps Combination Wave......Page 43
Equations for Additional Surge-Test Waveforms......Page 54