IEC 61850 Principles and Applications to Electric Power Systems

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1 IEC 61850 as an Enabler to Meet Power System Challenges
	1 The Changing Power System and Related Drivers
		1.1 Changes in Society
		1.2 Environmental Change
		1.3 Technology Change
		1.4 Social Change
		1.5 Changing Power Systems and Energy Sector
	2 Resulting Power System Challenges
		2.1 Climate Change Challenges
		2.2 Technology Change Challenges
		2.3 Challenges from Social and Societal Change
		2.4 Utility Challenges
		2.5 CIGREs Ten Issues to Address for Network Supply System of the Future [1]
	3 Features of IEC 61850 that Facilitate Solutions to Meet the Challenges
		3.1 Protection, Automation and Control to Address Both Emerging and Traditional Challenges
		3.2 General Features of the IEC 61850 Standard
		3.3 General Advantages of IEC 61850 Compared with Other Standards
		3.4 Summary of Applications, Features and Advantages of Applying IEC 61850 Schemes
	References
2 Introduction to IEC 61850 Systems
	1 What is IEC 61850
	2 Overview of the IEC 61850 Series Concept
	3 Some Basic Concepts
	4 Brief History
	5 Compliance
		5.1 Editions and Amendments
		5.2 Forward and Backward Edition/Amendment Compliance Compatibility
	6 The Need for Expertise—Training
	References
3 IEC 61850 User Specifications, Standards and End-Users
	1 Specification Standards [1]
		1.1 Process Interface Functions
		1.2 Protection Functions
		1.3 Control Functions
		1.4 Automation Functions
		1.5 Monitoring Functions
		1.6 Recording Functions
		1.7 Reporting Functions
		1.8 Communications Functions
	2 Specification Process [2]
		2.1 Standard Scheme—Template
		2.2 Standard Scheme—Defined
		2.3 Standard Scheme—Applied
		2.4 Standard Scheme—Instantiated
	3 Specification Tools [3]
		3.1 System Configuration Language (SCL)
		3.2 SCL Files
		3.3 System Specification Tool (SST)
	4 Documentation [2]
		4.1 Standard Scheme—Template
		4.2 Standard Scheme—Defined
		4.3 Standard Scheme—Applied
		4.4 Standard Scheme—Instantiated
	5 End-to-End Users Groups
		5.1 UCA International Users Group
		5.2 ENTSO-E
		5.3 IEC TC 57 WG 10 IEC 61850 User Feedback Task Force
		5.4 IEEE PES PSRCC IEC 61850 User Feedback Task Force
		5.5 IEC 61400 USE61400-25—Wind User Group
	References
4 IEC 61850 Communication Architectures and Services
	1 Protection Automation and Control Systems Communication Architecture
	2 Network Architecture 
		2.1 Single Ring
		2.2 Two Rings
	3 Services Mapped to Concrete Communication Protocols 
	4 General Requirements for Services
		4.1 Redundancy Implementation for Networks
		4.2 Latency Implications for Networks
		4.3 Transient Immunity for Networks
	5 Implementation of Services Related to IEC 61850 
	6 Available Services 
		6.1 Services and Open Systems Interconnection
		6.2 SCADA-related Services
		6.3 Protection and Control Services
	7 Example of Communication Network 
		7.1 Communication Networks for Protection, Automation and Control System (PACS) with Process Bus [23]
		7.2 Future Protection, Automation and Control System Communication Architectures [28]
	References
5 Time Synchronisation for IEC 61850 Systems
	1 Timing Requirements
		1.1 Time-Related Requirements in IEC 61850
		1.2 Time in the IEC 61850 Model
		1.3 Time Synchronisation Concept
		1.4 Time Synchronisation Accuracy Classes
		1.5 Indicating Time Synchronisation Accuracy
		1.6 Synchronisation 
	2 Methods for Time Synchronisation
		2.1 Global Primary Reference Sources
		2.2 Contemporary Time Synchronisation Methods
		2.3 Legacy Time Synchronisation Methods
		2.4 General Requirements for the Local Master Clock
		2.5 Network Architecture Considerations
	3 Time Synchronisation Redundancy
		3.1 GNSS
	4 Practical Implementations of Time Synchronisation
		4.1 Case Studies of Time Synchronisation
	5 Performance Testing of Time Synchronisation Systems
		5.1 Application Tests
		5.2 Application Testing Tools
		5.3 System Tests
	References
6 Cybersecurity Integration with  IEC 61850 Systems
	1 Cybersecurity Imperatives
		1.1 The Onset of Advanced Persistent Threats
		1.2 Time on Target Doctrine
		1.3 Fundamental Response Strategies
	2 Understanding Cyber-Physical Security Issues
		2.1 Focus on Maturity Assessment Challenges
		2.2 How Utilities Address APT Challenges
		2.3 Security Testing Needs Attention
	3 Leveraging IEC 61850 for Early Threat Detection
		3.1 Understanding the Kill Chain
		3.2 Data Fusion in IEC 61850 Systems
		3.3 New Crypto-Based Technologies for IEC 61850 Systems
		3.4 Understanding Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
		3.5 Extended Access Control Mechanisms
		3.6 Security Requirements for Remote Services
		3.7 The Need for Security-Smart PACS Data Objects
		3.8 Digital Certificate Management
		3.9 Leveraging Self-Protecting Data Objects
	4 Security Implementation in R-SV and R-GOOSE
		4.1 Message Security
		4.2 Key Distribution Centre—KDC
		4.3 IEC 61850 Client–Server Security
		4.4 Role-Based Access Control—RBAC
	5 Conclusions (Call to Action)
		5.1 Top 6 CPS Actions to Protect IEC 61850 PACS
		5.2 Future Study Topics and Objectives
	References
7 Planning and Design for IEC 61850 Implementation
	1 Planning to Implement an IEC 61850 Solution
		1.1 Impacts on Yard Equipment and Control Room
		1.2 Impacts on the Utilities
	2 Designing an IEC-61850-Based Solution
		2.1 Project Steps and Definitions
		2.2 Selection of Functionalities
		2.3 Definition of Requirements
		2.4 Definition of the Communication Network
		2.5 Network Requirements
		2.6 Time Synchronisation
		2.7 Certification and Homologation Requirements
		2.8 Definition of Cybersecurity Solution
	3 Installation
	4 Definition of Commissioning Plan
	5 Maintenance Aspects at the Specification
	6 Decommissioning
	References
8 Implementation for IEC 61850 Functional Schemes
	1 General Recommendations for IEC 61850 Functional Schemes [1]
		1.1 Semantics of Logic
		1.2 Logical Device Grouping/Hierarchy
		1.3 Instance Modelling
		1.4 Optimising Data sets: PTRC
	2 RTE Substation Protection Automation and Control Systems IEC 61850 Model [5]
		2.1 Communication with the Power System Control
		2.2 Tripping Order of Protection Functions
		2.3 Protection Function Exemplar: Passive Load Feeder Protection (LDPAP)
		2.4 Substation Automation Exemplar: Overload Management Function (LDADA)
		2.5 Process Interface Functional Exemplar: Circuit Breaker Interface (LDDJ)
	3 IEC 61850-Based Substation SCADA/Automation Platform Application Exemplar [6]
	4 Transparent Interlocking Via IEC 61850 Interlocking [7]
	5 IEC 61850 Primary Distribution Substation Functional Application Exemplar: Automatic Bus Transfer Scheme [8]
		5.1 Overall Functional Scheme Design Philosophy
		5.2 Functional Protection and Automation Scheme Design
	References
9 Testing of IEC 61850 System Solutions
	1 Data Flow Management of Ethernet-Based Networks [1]
		1.1 Considerations for VLANs
	2 Considerations for Network Reliability and Testing [1]
		2.1 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1w RSTP)
		2.2 Parallel Redundancy Protocol (IEC 62439-3 PRP)
		2.3 High-Availability Seamless Redundancy (IEC 62439-3 HSR)
		2.4 Combined PRP and HSR Networks
		2.5 Network Bandwidth Considerations
	3 Features in IEC 61850 Related to Testing [1]
		3.1 Test Features Defined in IEC 61850
	4 Application and Implementation of IEC 61850 Test Features [1]
		4.1 Use of Simulation
		4.2 Case of Heterogeneous Quality Attributes in Input Data
	5 Support of Testing-Related Features [1]
	6 Requirements for Testing Tools [1]
		6.1 Requirements for the Device Injecting Test Signals
		6.2 Implementation Considerations for the Test System
		6.3 Features Required to Support Remote Testing
	7 Test Methodology and Assessment [1]
		7.1 Black Box Testing
		7.2 White Box Testing
		7.3 Top-Down Testing
		7.4 Bottom-Up Testing
		7.5 Positive and Negative Testing
	8 Testing and Security [1]
	9 Installation Test
	References
10 Vendor Interoperability of IEC 61850 Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Interoperability
		2.1 Interoperability Versus Interchangeability
	3 Standardisation Committees and Working Groups Enhancing IEC 61850 Interoperability
	4 Business Case for Multi-vendor Interoperability
		4.1 Functional Requirements
		4.2 Regulatory Requirements
		4.3 Serviceability
	5 Role of Standardisation in Ensuring Multi-vendor Interoperability
	6 Ensuring Interoperability Through System Specifications 
		6.1 Multi-vendor Engineering Environment and Single System Model Across the Life Cycle
	7 System Configuration
		7.1 SCD Engineering
		7.2 GOOSE Engineering
		7.3 Report Engineering
	8 Interoperability Requirements for Testing and Commissioning
	9 Interoperability Requirements for Operation and Maintenance
		9.1 Monitoring Requirements
	10 Backward Compatibility
		10.1 Upgrading of System Software
		10.2 Communication Network Interoperability
		10.3 Replacement of IEDs
	11 Review of Miscellaneous Aspects of Multi-Vendor Installations
		11.1 Architecture: HSR and PRP
		11.2 Data Streams and Functional Interoperability
		11.3 LPITs, Merging Units and IEDs
		11.4 Time Synchronisation
	12 Tools
		12.1 Engineering Design and Configuration Tools
		12.2 Testing and Commissioning Tools
	13 User Case Studies
		13.1 SP Energy Networks Project FITNESS
		13.2 LANDSNET Iceland, Digital Substations
	References
11 CT/VT Sampled Value Acquisition Applied to IEC 61850
	1 Evolution of Sampled Value CT/VT Definitions and Configurations
		1.1 Interim Guideline IEC 61850-9-2LE
		1.2 IEC 61869-9 Standard
	2 Additional Important Facts Related to Sampled Values and IEC 61869-9 Standard
		2.1 General on Complete Digital Acquisition Chain
		2.2 Some Specific Characteristics of Different Instrument Transformers
		2.3 Frequency Dependence and Bode Diagram
		2.4 Dynamic Ranges for Measured Currents and Voltages
	3 Future Challenges
		3.1 Needs of High Frequency-Based Directional Earth Fault Protection
		3.2 Travelling Wave Protection
		3.3 Required Protection Operating Time
	References
12 Process bus Applications in  IEC 61850
	1 Introduction
	2 Protection, Automation and Control System with Station bus and Process bus
	3 Process bus Structures [7]
		3.1 Process bus Using HSR and PRP Architecture 
		3.2 Process bus Using PRP Architecture
		3.3 Choice Between PRP and HSR [7]
		3.4 Process bus Using Direct Link Architecture
		3.5 Software Defines Process bus Networks [17]
	4 Advantages and Drawbacks
	5 Process bus Sampled Values Other Than CT and VT
	6 Recommendations
	References
13 Wide Area Implementations of IEC 61850 Substation Systems
	1 Synchrophasors
	2 Synchrophasor Calculation Window
	3 Synchrophasor Communication
	4 IEC 61850 Routable Sample Values and Routable GOOSE
		4.1 Session Header
		4.2 Synchro Logical Nodes
		4.3 Synchrophasor Time Stamp
	5 Applications: R-GOOSE
		5.1 Remedial Action
		5.2 Multi-Terminal Transfer Trip
		5.3 Demand Side Management
		5.4 Direct Load Control/Surgical Load Shed
		5.5 Transactional Energy
	6 Applications: R-SV
		6.1 State Estimation through Multicast Synchrophasor Delivery
		6.2 Frequency Network—FNet
		6.3 Synchrophasor-Based Fault Location
		6.4 Broken wire detection
		6.5 Oscillation Monitoring
	References
14 IEC 61850 for SCADA Applications
	1 General Considerations
	2 Local SCADA Implementation
	3 SCADA and IEC 61850 Standard
	4 SCADA Communication
	5 Management of SCADA System
	6 Remote Systems
	7 Cybersecurity Aspects
	References
15 Maintenance and Asset Management for IEC 61850 Systems
	1 General Introduction and Scope
	2 Asset Management and Maintenance Strategies
		2.1 Roles and Responsibilities
		2.2 Knowledge in System and Component Assets of IEC 61850 PACS
		2.3 Operation and Maintenance Tasks
		2.4 Remote Operation Capability
	3 Information Management
		3.1 Information Assets
		3.2 Documentation
	4 Risk Management
		4.1 Maintenance Management
		4.2 Obsolescence Management
		4.3 Change Management, Fault Tracing and Time to Repair of Faulty Equipment
		4.4 Spare Parts Management
	5 Performance Management
	6 Maintenance Testing
		6.1 Reasons for Testing IEC 61850 PACS in Operation
		6.2 Tools for Maintenance and Testing
		6.3 Use Case Example: Fault Diagnostics in the PACS After an Erroneous Breaker Failure Protection Trip
	References
16 Applying IEC 61850 Applications Beyond Substations
	1 Introduction
	2 Electric Traction Systems
		2.1 Overview of Electric Traction Systems
		2.2 Replacement of Conventional AC Traction PACS
		2.3 Application to Enhanced Interlocking
		2.4 Application to Traction Wide-Area PACS
		2.5 Application to DC Traction Systems
		2.6 Advanced IEC 61850 Traction System Performance Monitoring
		2.7 Future IEC 61850 Traction Substations—Rationalised Electrification
	3 Hydropower Plants
		3.1 Practical Application of IEC 61850 in Hydro Power Plants
	4 Wind Power Plants
		4.1 The Wind Information Model, IEC 61400-25
		4.2 History
		4.3 Difference Between 61850 Systems and Wind Power Systems
		4.4 Modelling Approach of the Wind Information Model
		4.5 Future Outlook
	5 Distributed Energy Resources
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Photovoltaic Applications
		5.3 Battery Storage
		5.4 Fuel Cell Storage
		5.5 Ultra-Capacitor Storage
	6 Electric Vehicles
		6.1 Electric Road Vehicle Applications
		6.2 Existing IEC 61850 Integration
		6.3 Vehicle-To-Grid
	7 HVDC Systems
	8 Future Novel Network Integration
	References
17 Conclusions
	1 Overview
	2 Summary
		2.1 Needs, Benefits and Concepts
		2.2 User Specification, Architecture and Services
		2.3 Time Synchronisation and Cybersecurity Aspects
		2.4 Planning and Design
		2.5 System Implementation and Testing
		2.6 Sampled Value and Process Bus Applications
		2.7 Inter-substation and SCADA Applications
		2.8 Maintenance and Asset Management of IEC 61850 Systems
		2.9 Applications Beyond Substations
	3 Future Challenges
A Bibliography and References
	Standards
	CIGRE Technical Brochures
	CIGRE Papers and Contributions
	CIGRE Papers
B Definitions, Abbreviations and Symbols
	CIGRE Terms
	Organisation Acronyms
	Specific Terms in this Book
	Symbols