ICTS Science-Chemistry 106 Teacher Certification Test Prep Study Guide, 2nd Edition (XAM ICTS)

Table of Contents......Page 4
Study Tips......Page 19
Testing Tips......Page 22
Skill 1.1 Recognize the assumptions, processes, purposes, requirements, and tools of scientific inquiry.......Page 23
Skill 1.2 Use evidence and logic in developing proposed explanations that address scientific questions and hypotheses.......Page 26
Skill 1.3 Identify various approaches to conducting scientific investigations and their applications.......Page 27
Skill 1.4 Use tools and mathematical and statistical methods for collecting,managing, analyzing (e.g., average, curve fit, error determination), and communicating results of investigations.......Page 30
Skill 1.5 Demonstrate knowledge of ways to report, display, and defend the results of an investigation.......Page 31
Skill 2.3 Apply a technological design process to a given problem situation.......Page 32
Skill 2.5 Evaluate various solutions to a design problem.......Page 33
Skill 3.1 Demonstrate an understanding of the nature of science (e.g., tentative, replicable, historical, empirical) and recognize how scientific knowledge and explanations change over time.......Page 34
Skill 3.2 Compare scientific hypotheses, predictions, laws, theories, and principles and recognize how they are developed and tested.......Page 35
Skill 3.4 Recognize the basis for and application of safety practices and regulations in the study of science.......Page 37
Skill 4.1 Recognize the historical and contemporary development of major scientific ideas and technological innovations.......Page 40
Skill 4.2 Demonstrate an understanding of the ways that science and technology affect people's everyday lives, societal values and systems, the environment, and new knowledge.......Page 47
Skill 4.4 Analyze issues related to science and technology at the local, state, national, and global levels (e.g., environmental policies, genetic research).......Page 48
Skill 4.5 Evaluate the credibility of scientific claims made in various forums (e.g., the media, public debates, advertising).......Page 56
Skill 5.1 Identify the major unifying concepts of the sciences (e.g., systems, order, and organization; constancy, change, and measurement) and their applications in real-life situations.......Page 57
Skill 5.3 Apply fundamental mathematical language, knowledge, and skills at the level of algebra and statistics in scientific contexts.......Page 58
Skill 5.4 Recognize the fundamental relationships among the natural sciences and the social sciences.......Page 62
Skill 6.1 Compare and contrast the structures of viruses and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.......Page 63
Skill 6.2 Identify the structures and functions of cellular organelles.......Page 65
Skill 6.3 Describe the processes of the cell cycle.......Page 68
Skill 6.4 Explain the functions and applications of the instruments and technologies used to study the life sciences at the molecular and cellular levels......Page 73
Skill 7.2 Analyze the transmission of genetic information (e.g., Punnett squares, sex-linked traits, pedigree analysis).......Page 74
Skill 7.3 Analyze the processes of change at the microscopic and macroscopic levels.......Page 77
Skill 7.4 Identify scientific evidence from various sources, such as the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and biochemical similarities, to demonstrate knowledge of theories about processes of biological evolution.......Page 78
Skill 8.2 Analyze the strategies and adaptations used by organisms to obtain the basic requirements of life.......Page 81
Skill 8.4 Demonstrate an understanding of the human as a living organism with life functions comparable to those of other lifeforms.......Page 83
Skill 9.3 Analyze factors (e.g., ecological, behavioral) that influence interrelationships among organisms.......Page 85
Skill 9.5  Recognize the dynamic nature of the environment, including how communities, ecosystems, and ecoregions change overtime.......Page 87
Skill 9.6 Analyze interactions of humans with their environment.......Page 88
Skill 9.7 Explain the functions and applications of the instruments and technologies used to study the life sciences at the organism and ecosystem level.......Page 89
Skill 10.1 Describe the characteristics of and relationships among thermal, acoustical, radiant, electrical, chemical, mechanical, and nuclear energies through conceptual questions.......Page 90
Skill 10.2 Analyze the processes by which energy is exchanged or transformed through conceptual questions.......Page 93
Skill 10.3 Apply the three laws of thermodynamics to explain energy transformations, including basic algebraic problem solving......Page 95
Skill 10.4 Apply the principle of conservation as it applies to energy through conceptual questions and solving basic algebraic problems.......Page 96
Skill 11.2 Analyze the properties of materials in relation to their chemical or physical structures (e.g., periodic table trends, relationships, andproperties) and evaluate uses of the materials based on their properties.......Page 97
Skill 11.3 Apply the principle of conservation as it applies to mass and charge through conceptual questions.......Page 100
Skill 11.4 Analyze bonding and chemical, atomic, and nuclear reactions (including endothermic and exothermic reactions) in natural and man-made systems and apply basic stoichiometric principles.......Page 101
Skill 11.6 Explain the functions and applications of the instruments and technologies used to study matter and energy.......Page 102
Skill 12.2 Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and interrelationships of force (including gravity and friction), inertia, work, power, energy, and momentum.......Page 103
Skill 12.3 Describe and predict the motions of bodies in one and two dimensions in inertial and accelerated frames of reference in a physical system, including projectile motion but excluding circular motion.......Page 105
Skill 12.4 Analyze and predict motions and interactions of bodies involving forces within the context of conservation of energy and/or momentum through conceptual questions and algebra based problem solving.......Page 108
Skill 12.5 Describe the effects of gravitational and nuclear forces in real lifesituations through conceptual questions.......Page 110
Skill 12.6 Explain the functions and applications of the instruments and technologies used to study force and motion in everyday life.......Page 111
Skill 13.1 Recognize the nature and properties of electricity and magnetism, including static charge, moving charge, basic RC circuits, fields, conductors, and insulators.......Page 112
Skill 13.2 Recognize the nature and properties of mechanical and electromagnetic waves (e.g., frequency, source, medium, spectrum, wave-particle duality).......Page 114
Skill 13.3 Describe the effects and applications of electromagnetic forces in real-life situations, including electric power generation, circuit breakers, and brownouts.......Page 115
Skill 13.4 Analyze and predict the behavior of mechanical and electromagnetic waves under varying physical conditions, including basic optics, color, ray diagrams, and shadows.......Page 116
Skill 14.1 Identify the structure and composition of Earth’s land, water, and atmospheric systems and how they affect weather, erosion, fresh water, and soil.......Page 119
Skill 14.2 Recognize the scope of geologic time and the continuing physical changes of Earth through time.......Page 120
Skill 14.3 Evaluate scientific theories about Earth’s origin and history and how these theories explain contemporary living systems......Page 122
Skill 14.4 Recognize the interrelationships between living organisms and Earth's resources and evaluate the uses of Earth's resources.......Page 123
Skill 15.1 Analyze and explain large-scale dynamic forces, events, and processes that affect Earth’s land, water, and atmospheric systems, including conceptual questions about plate tectonics, El Nino, drought, and climatic shifts.......Page 125
Skill 15.2 Identify and explain Earth processes and cycles and cite examples in real-life situations, including conceptual questions on rock cycles, volcanism, and plate tectonics.......Page 126
Skill 15.3 Analyze the transfer of energy within and among Earth’s land, water, and atmospheric systems, including the idenrtification of energy sources of volcanoes, hurricanes, thunderstorms, and tornadoes.......Page 130
Skill 15.4 Explain the functions and applications of the instruments and technologies used to study the earth sciences, including seismographs, barometers, and satellite systems.......Page 131
Skill 16.1 Describe and explain the relative and apparent motions of the sun, the moon, stars, and planets in the sky.......Page 132
Skill 16.2 Recognize properties of objects (e.g., comets, asteroids) within the solar system and their dynamic interactions.......Page 133
Skill 16.3 Recognize the types, properties, and dynamics of objects external to the solar system (e.g., black holes, supernovas, galaxies).......Page 134
Skill 17.2 Analyze evidence relating to the origin and physical evolution of the universe (e.g., microwave background radiation, expansion).......Page 135
Skill 17.3 Compare the physical and chemical processes involved in the life cycles of objects within galaxies.......Page 136
Skill 17.4 Explain the functions and applications of the instruments, technologies, and tools used in the study of the space sciences, including the relative advantages and disadvantages of Earth-based versus space-based instruments and optical versus nonoptical instruments.......Page 137
Skill 18.1 Apply appropriate mathematical skills (e.g., algebraic operations, graphing, statistics, scientific notation) and technology to collect, analyze, and report data and to solve problems in chemistry.......Page 138
Skill 18.2 Select appropriate experimental procedures and equipment for the measurement and determination of chemical reactions and properties.......Page 154
Skill 18.3 Recognize safety practices in the chemistry laboratory, including the characteristics and purposes of chemical hygiene plans.......Page 158
Skill 18.4 Evaluate the role of chemistry in daily life, including ways in which basic research and the development of new technology affect society.......Page 174
Skill 19.1 Demonstrate knowledge of the chemical constitution of matter as elements, compounds, and mixtures.......Page 176
Skill 19.3 Demonstrate knowledge of basic techniques used to separate substances based on differences in properties.......Page 178
Skill 19.4 Analyze the periodic nature of the elements and the relationship between their electron configuration and the periodic table.......Page 182
Skill 19.5 Connect the chemical and physical properties of elements to electron configuration.......Page 194
Skill 19.6 Demonstrate proficiency at naming compounds and writing formulas.......Page 195
Skill 20.2 Demonstrate knowledge of the historical progression in the development of the theory of the atom, including the contributions of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr.......Page 210
Skill 20.3 Describe the energy of an electron in an atom or ion in terms of the four quantum numbers.......Page 216
Skill 20.4 Demonstrate a qualitative knowledge of the role of probability in the description of an orbital's size and shape.......Page 218
Skill 20.5 Analyze the properties of an atomic nucleus that affect its stability.......Page 219
Skill 20.6 Apply strategies for writing and balancing equations for nuclear reactions (e.g., fission, fusion, radioactivity and bombardment).......Page 220
Skill 21.1 Analyze electron behavior in the formation of various types of bonds (e.g., ionic, covalent) and the polarity of compounds in terms of shape and electronegativity differences.......Page 224
Skill 21.2 Apply the concepts of Lewis structures, valence-shell electron-pair repulsion, and hybridization to describe molecular geometry and bonding.......Page 230
Skill 21.3 Demonstrate knowledge of the general features and properties of compounds of metals, nonmetals, and transition elements and the materials derived from them.......Page 237
Skill 21.4 Describe the hybridization of the central atom based on the geometry of coordination compounds.......Page 240
Skill 22.1 Demonstrate knowledge of the basic principles of the kinetic molecular theory.......Page 244
Skill 22.2 Explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases and changes of state in terms of the kinetic molecular theory and intermolecular forces.......Page 245
Skill 22.3 Apply various laws related to the properties and behavior of ideal gases (e.g., combined gas laws, ideal gas law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, Graham's law of diffusion) to solve problems.......Page 247
Skill 22.4 Demonstrate an understanding of the differences between real and ideal gases.......Page 252
Skill 22.5 Interpret phase diagrams and use them to explain the transitions between solids, liquids, and gases.......Page 253
Skill 22.6 Classify unknown solids as molecular, metallic, ionic, and covalent network solids according to their physical and chemical properties.......Page 257
Skill 23.1 Describe the solution process, including the effects of temperature and pressure on the solubility of solids, liquids, and gases.......Page 260
Skill 23.2 Analyze the qualitative colligative properties of solutions, including the practical applications of these properties to technological problems.......Page 263
Skill 23.3 Demonstrate knowledge of how to prepare solutions of specific concentrations, including molality, molarity, normality, mole fraction, and percent by weight.......Page 270
Skill 23.4 Select appropriate solvents for the dissolution or purification of solid compounds.......Page 272
Skill 24.1 Classify types of chemical reactions and balance equations to describe chemical reactions.......Page 273
Skill 24.2 Use mass and mole relationships in an equation to solve stoichiometric problems (including percent yield and limiting reactants).......Page 279
Skill 24.3 Use gas laws and solution concentrations to solve stoichiometric problems (including percent yield and limiting reactants).......Page 282
Skill 24.4 Demonstrate proficiency at converting between percent composition and the formulas of compounds (including both empirical and molecular formulas).......Page 286
Skill 25.1 Compare the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts of acids and bases.......Page 288
Skill 25.2 Recognize the relationship between acid and base strength, pH, and molecular structure.......Page 292
Skill 25.3 Explain the characteristics of buffered solutions in terms of chemical equilibrium of weak acids.......Page 293
Skill 25.4 Demonstrate an understanding of how to prepare a standardized solution or a buffer of a specified pH, given the Ka of various acids and a standardized NaOH solution.......Page 294
Skill 25.5 Design and analyze the results of an acid-base titration (which may include selecting an appropriate indicator or interpreting a titration curve).......Page 295
Skill 26.1 Recognize the relationships among enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, and the equilibrium constant.......Page 300
Skill 26.2 Evaluate the thermodynamic feasibility of various reactions and calculate energy changes during chemical reactions.......Page 301
Skill 26.4 Apply Le Chatelier's principle to analyze reversible reactions.......Page 308
Skill 27.1 Demonstrate an understanding of oxidation/reduction reactions and their relationship to standard reduction potentials.......Page 311
Skill 27.2 Demonstrate an understanding of electrolysis reactions.......Page 314
Skill 27.3 Balance redox reactions.......Page 315
Skill 27.4 Demonstrate knowledge of devising and building electrochemical cells.......Page 322
Skill 28.1 Recognize the basics of collision and transition-state theories and the significance of the Arrhenius equation.......Page 324
Skill 28.2 Explain how various factors (e.g., temperature, catalysts) influence reaction rates.......Page 326
Skill 28.3 Analyze experimental data involving reaction rates, concentration, and/or time to determine kinetic parameters (e.g., reaction order, rate constants, activation energy).......Page 329
Skill 28.4 Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship of rate laws to reaction mechanisms.......Page 335
Skill 29.1 Identify the functional group classification and nomenclature of organic compounds and the general characteristics and reactions of each group.......Page 337
Skill 29.2 Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts and mechanisms of the substitution, addition, elimination, and other reactions of organic molecules......Page 340
Skill 29.3 Demonstrate knowledge of appropriate separation, purification, and identification schemes for organic molecules (e.g., chromatography, spectroscopy).......Page 346
Skill 29.4 Recognize the general structure, properties, and uses of organic polymers, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and other practical products.......Page 348
Skill 29.5 Demonstrate an understanding of the structure, properties, and function of common biological molecules (carbohydrates,lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and how these biomolecules are involved in life processes.......Page 350
Skill 29.6 Recognize the general features of three-dimensional structures, bonding, molecular properties, and reactivity of organic molecules.......Page 356
Sample Test......Page 357
Answer Key......Page 382
Rationales with Sample Questions......Page 383
Sample Open-Response Questions......Page 453