Hyphenations of Capillary Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry

Hyphenations of Capillary Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
1.1 . General principles and history
	1.1.1 Introduction
	1.1.2 GC fundamentals in the perspective of hyphenation and speed of analysis
		1.1.2.1 Column technology over the years
		1.1.2.2 Sample introduction and large volume injection
		1.1.2.3 High speed GC
		1.1.2.4 Selective and universal detectors
	1.1.3 Instrumental factors of MS
		1.1.3.1 The mass spectrometer
			1.1.3.1.1 Brief history of GC-MS
			1.1.3.1.2 Electron ionization, EI
			1.1.3.1.3 Chemical ionization, CI
			1.1.3.1.4 Atmospheric pressure ionization, API
			1.1.3.1.5 Mass separators: operating principles and problems
		1.1.3.2 MS without GC?
			1.1.3.2.1 Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry, PTR-MS
			1.1.3.2.2 Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS
	1.1.4 Recent developments in sample preparation for GC-MS
		1.1.4.1 Off-line and on-line sample preparation methods in GC-MS
		1.1.4.2 Derivatization and thermal conversion methods
	1.1.5 Applications, miniaturization, and future of hyphenated GC-MS
		1.1.5.1 Miniaturized and field-portable instrumentation
		1.1.5.2 Key application areas and future prospects of GC-MS
	References
1.2 . Conventional GC-MS applications
	1.2.1 Introduction
	1.2.2 Low-resolution MS applications
	1.2.3 High-resolution MS applications
	1.2.4 Multiple MS analyzer experiments
	References
1.3 . High-speed GC-MS: basic theory, practical aspects, and applications
	1.3.1 Introduction
	1.3.2 High-speed GC-MS methodologies: basic theory, practical aspects and applications
		1.3.2.1 Micro-bore columns
		1.3.2.2 Vacuum outlet conditions
		1.3.2.3 Resistive heating
		1.3.2.4 Narrow-bore columns
	References
2.1 . Classical two-dimensional GC combined with mass spectrometry
	2.1.1 History, general principles, and theoretical aspects
		2.1.1.1 Introduction and history
		2.1.1.2 Theoretical considerations
		2.1.1.3 Advantages of classical heart-cut two-dimensional CGC
	2.1.2 Instrumentation and configurations
		2.1.2.1 Introduction
		2.1.2.2 First generation Deans switch systems
		2.1.2.3 Second generation multidimensional GC systems
		2.1.2.4 State-of-the-art configurations
		2.1.2.5 Beyond classical 2D-GC
		2.1.2.6 Practical considerations
	2.1.3 State-of-the-art applications
		2.1.3.1 Essential oil and flavor and fragrance analysis
		2.1.3.2 Food analysis
		2.1.3.3 Petrochemical applications
		2.1.3.4 Environmental analysis and biota contamination
		2.1.3.5 Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications
	2.1.4 Conclusions and outlook
	References
2.2 . Comprehensive 2D Gas Chromatography
	2.2.1 History, general principles, practical issues, and basic theoretical aspects
		2.2.1.1 The modulation process
			2.2.1.1.1 Early modulators (phase-ratio modulation)
			2.2.1.1.2 Cryogenic modulators
			2.2.1.1.3 Flow modulators
		2.2.1.2 GC×GC method optimization
			2.2.1.2.1 Stationary phases
			2.2.1.2.2 Gas flow
		2.2.1.3 Detection (other than MS)
		2.2.1.4 Mass spectrometry detection
	2.2.2 State-of-the-art applications
		2.2.2.1 Low-resolution ToFMS
		2.2.2.2 Single quadrupole MS
		2.2.2.3 High-resolution ToFMS
		2.2.2.4 Triple-quadrupole MS
		2.2.2.5 Other MS devices
	2.2.3 Conclusions and future prospects
	References
2.3 . Classical and comprehensive 2D LC-GC
	2.3.1 Introduction
		2.3.1.1 Brief history of the LC-GC hyphenation
		2.3.2 General principles and theoretical aspects
			2.3.2.1 LC-GC transfer techniques
				2.3.2.1.1 Retention gap techniques
					2.3.2.1.1.1 On-column interface
					2.3.2.1.1.2 Loop-type interface
				2.3.2.1.2 Vaporizing chamber techniques
					2.3.2.1.2.1 In-line vaporizer/overflow interface or wire interface
					2.3.2.1.2.2 Programmed-temperature vaporizer interface
			2.3.2.2 LC column selection
			2.3.2.3 GC column selection
			2.3.2.4 Comprehensive 2D liquid-gas chromatography
		2.3.3 State-of-the-art applications
			2.3.3.1 LC-GC applications
				2.3.3.1.1 Mineral oil
				2.3.3.1.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other xenobiotics
				2.3.3.1.3 Natural food components and quality control
			2.3.3.2 Comprehensive 2D liquid-gas chromatography applications
	References
3.1 . History of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry couplings
	3.1.1 Introduction
	3.1.2 Low-pressure ionization
		3.1.2.1 Capillary-inlet interfaces
		3.1.2.2 Direct liquid introduction
		3.1.2.3 Moving-belt interface
		3.1.2.4 Particle-beam interface
		3.1.2.5 Nebulizer-jet interface
		3.1.2.6 Thermospray
		3.1.2.7 Continuous-flow fast-atom bombardment
	3.1.3 Atmospheric-pressure ionization
		3.1.3.1 Electrospray ionization
		3.1.3.2 Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
		3.1.3.3 Atmospheric-pressure photo-ionization
	3.1.4 Summary and outlook
	References
3.2 . Theoretical and practical aspects of LC-MS analysis
	3.2.1 Introduction
	3.2.2 Vacuum systems
	3.2.3 Mass analyzers
		3.2.3.1 Resolution
		3.2.3.2 Mass accuracy
			3.2.3.2.1 Improve the quality of a sample
			3.2.3.2.2 Exploit higher resolution
			3.2.3.2.3 Perform fragmentation studies
		3.2.3.3 Sensitivity
		3.2.3.4 Mass scale calibration
	3.2.4 Concluding remarks
	References
3.3 . Hyphenations of one-dimensional capillary liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: state-of-the-art applications
	3.3.1 Introduction
	3.3.2 Macro-biomolecules and capillary LC-MS
		3.3.2.1 Bottom-up proteomics
			3.3.2.1.1 Bottom-up proteomics with packed columns (comprehensive mode)
			3.3.2.1.2 Targeted proteomics with packed columns
			3.3.2.1.3 Bottom-up proteomics with monoliths
			3.3.2.1.4 Bottom-up proteomics with polymer layer open tubular (PLOT) columns
		3.3.2.2 Phosphoproteomics
		3.3.2.3 Glycopeptides and glycans
		3.3.2.4 Top-down proteomics
			3.3.2.4.1 Comprehensive top-down proteomics
			3.3.2.4.2 Targeted top-down proteomics
		3.3.2.5 DNA analysis
	3.3.3 Small biomolecules and capillary LC
		3.3.3.1 Metabolites/metabolomics
			3.3.3.1.1 Comprehensive approaches
			3.3.3.1.2 Targeted approaches
		3.3.3.2 Neurotransmitters
	3.3.4 Capillary LC-MS: drugs, environment, and foods
		3.3.4.1 Drugs, doping, and forensics
		3.3.4.2 Pharmacokinetics and chiral analysis
		3.3.4.3 Environmental chemistry
		3.3.4.4 Vitamins and foods
	3.3.5 Capillary LC coupled with alternatives of ESI-MS
	3.3.6 Conclusions
	References
3.4 . Hyphenations of 2D capillary-based LC with mass spectrometry
	3.4.1 Introduction
	3.4.2 History, general principles, and theoretical aspects
	3.4.3 Instrumental setup and practical aspects
	3.4.4 State-of-art applications
	3.4.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
4 . Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: history, general principles, theoretical aspects, and state-of-the-art applica ...
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Brief history, theory, and general principles
	4.3 Hyphenation with mass spectrometry
	4.4 Two-dimensional separation methods
	4.5 Selected examples of CE-MS applications
	4.6 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
5 . Management and interpretation of capillary chromatography-mass spectrometry data
	5.1 Introduction and scope
	5.2 Data management and analysis of variance
	5.3 Preprocessing
	5.4 Deconvolution
		5.4.1 Generalized rank annihilation method
		5.4.2 Classical least squares
		5.4.3 Multivariate curve resolution alternating least squares
		5.4.4 Parallel factor analysis
	5.5 Classification and comparison
		5.5.1 Principal component analysis
		5.5.2 Hierarchical cluster analysis
		5.5.3 Fisher-ratio analysis
		5.5.4 Partial least squares analysis
	5.6 Targeted analysis
	5.7 Non-targeted analysis
	5.8 Hybrid targeted/non-targeted analysis
	5.9 Conclusion
	References
Index
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