Hydrogeology

Preface......Page 6
 Acronyms......Page 7
 Formula Symbols, Units, and Parameters......Page 9
   General Conversions......Page 19
    Normal Calendar Year......Page 20
   Example:......Page 21
   Example:......Page 22
Contents......Page 23
1: Introduction......Page 28
 1.1 Historical Perspective......Page 29
Part I: General Hydrogeology......Page 31
  2.2 Theories and Definitions of Groundwater Recharge......Page 32
  2.3 Basic Hydrogeological Terms......Page 33
   3.1.1 Porosity......Page 36
   3.1.4 Grain Size Distribution......Page 39
   3.1.5 Bulk Density......Page 40
  3.2 Interface (Joint) Voids......Page 41
  3.3 Karst Voids......Page 43
  3.4 Anthropogenic Voids......Page 44
 4: Geohydraulics......Page 45
   4.1.1 Darcy´s Law......Page 46
   4.1.2 Permeability......Page 47
   4.1.4 Velocity Terms......Page 48
  4.2 Anisotropy......Page 51
  4.3 Geohydraulic Conductivity of Jointed Rocks......Page 52
  4.4 Transmissivity......Page 53
  4.6 Storage Coefficient......Page 54
  5.1 Rain Water Infiltration......Page 57
  5.2 Bank Infiltration......Page 61
 6: Groundwater Dynamics......Page 62
  6.1 Groundwater Flow Systems......Page 67
  6.2 Groundwater Discharge......Page 70
  6.3 Natural Groundwater Discharge......Page 71
   6.3.1 Springs......Page 72
   6.3.2 Rivers......Page 76
  6.4 Sinkholes......Page 77
  7.1 Groundwater Equipotential Map......Page 78
  7.2 Hydrogeological Sections......Page 82
  7.6 Consequence Map......Page 83
  7.7 Hydrogeological Mapping......Page 84
 8: Hydrological Cycle: Water Balance......Page 85
  8.1 Changes in Groundwater Storage......Page 88
   8.2.3 Representation Options......Page 89
  8.3 Evaporation......Page 91
   8.3.1 Definitions......Page 92
   8.3.2 Measurement......Page 93
    8.3.3.2 Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration According to Schendel (1968)......Page 97
    8.3.3.3 Calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration According to Thornthwaite......Page 98
  8.4 Discharge......Page 99
   8.4.1 Definitions......Page 101
   8.4.2 Measurement......Page 102
   8.4.3 Representation......Page 103
     Separation of Surface and Subsurface Discharge......Page 104
     Separation of Surface Runoff and Subsurface Discharge According to Schroeder (1952)......Page 105
     Separation of Surface Runoff and Subsurface Discharges According to Natermann (1951)......Page 106
     Determination of Subsurface Discharges According to Kille (1970)......Page 107
     Determination of Subsurface Discharges from Individual Dry-Weather Flow Data (DWF) after Lillich (1970)......Page 108
     Comparison of the Three Methods Used for Separating Surface and Subsurface Discharges......Page 109
  8.5 Groundwater Budget/Groundwater Storage......Page 110
  9.2 Basic Principles......Page 112
  9.3 Model Creation......Page 113
   9.4.2 Mass Transport Models......Page 114
   9.4.3 Program Packages......Page 115
   10.1.1 Isotopic Composition of Water......Page 116
    10.1.2.1 Stable Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes......Page 117
     Radioactive Carbon Method......Page 118
     Krypton Method......Page 119
    10.1.3.1 Molecular Structure......Page 120
    10.1.3.2 Temperature-Dependent Physical Properties......Page 122
    10.1.3.3 Electrolytic Dissociation (pH-Value): Electrical Conductance......Page 123
Part II: Groundwater Properties......Page 125
   11.1.2 Equivalent Particles......Page 126
   11.1.3 Molar Mass......Page 127
   11.1.6 Equivalent Concentration......Page 128
   11.1.9 Mass Concentration......Page 129
   11.1.10 Conversion of Concentrations......Page 130
   11.1.12 Non-metric Units......Page 131
  11.2 Solubility of Solids in Water......Page 132
   11.2.1 Electrolytic Dissociation......Page 133
   11.2.3 Solubility Products (Solubility Constants)......Page 134
  11.3 Solubility of Gases in Water......Page 136
  11.4 Molar Concentrations and Activities......Page 137
  11.5 Carbonate Balance......Page 140
  11.6 Influence of the pH-Value on Solubility......Page 147
  11.7 Influence of the Redox Potential on Solubility......Page 148
  11.8 Electrical Conductivity......Page 155
  12.1 Dissolution and Precipitation......Page 159
  12.2 Adsorption and Desorption......Page 161
   12.3.1 Types of Exchange Waters......Page 162
  12.4 Diffusion and Ion-Sieve Effect in Argillaceous Rocks......Page 164
  12.5 Oxidation and Reduction......Page 165
  12.6 Input and Transport of Organic Substances in the Subsoil......Page 166
  12.7 Thermodynamics......Page 168
  13.1 Microbiology of Groundwater......Page 172
   13.1.1 Groundwater Geohygienegeohygiene......Page 173
    13.1.2.2 Microbial Reduction of Nitratesnitrate- reduction......Page 175
    13.1.2.4 Microbial Oxidationoxidation- organic substance and Reductionreduction- organic substance of Organic Substances......Page 176
  13.2 Geohydrochemical Analyseshydrogeological section and their Evaluation......Page 177
    13.2.1.3 Overview of Analytical Procedures in Germany......Page 178
     Temperaturetemperature......Page 179
     Absorption in the UV-Radiation Range: Spectral Absorption Coefficient (SAC)spectral absorption coefficient (SAC)......Page 180
     Hardnesshardnesswater- hardness......Page 182
     Determination of Silicate or Silicic Acidsilicic acid = silicate......Page 185
     Organically-Bound Carboncarbon- organically-bound......Page 186
     Ion Balanceions- balance and Molar Ratios of the Equivalents......Page 187
     Other Analytical Methods for Inorganic Substances......Page 188
    13.2.1.7 Analysis of Organic Substances......Page 189
   13.2.2 Calculation of Non-analyzed Parameterscalculation of non-analyzed parameters......Page 190
    13.2.3.1 Ion Balanceions- balance......Page 193
     Histogramshistogram......Page 194
     Circular Chartschart- circular......Page 195
    13.2.4.2 Collective Diagramsdiagram- collective......Page 196
     Square Diagramsdiagram- square......Page 197
     Ionions- ratio Ratios......Page 198
    13.2.4.4 Evaluation of Groundwater Analytical Results Using Computerized Data-Processing......Page 200
     Frequency Distributionfrequency distribution, One-Dimensional Data......Page 201
     Discriminant Analysisdiscriminant analysis, Multi-dimensional Data......Page 202
     Triangle Diagrams, Square Diagrams and Circular Chartschart- circulardiagram- trianglediagram- square......Page 203
     Geohydrochemical Mapsgeohydrochemical map......Page 204
     Geochemical Equilibrium Modelingmodeling- geochemical equilibrium......Page 205
     Modeling of Mass Transportmodeling- mass transport......Page 207
  14.2 Classification According to Geohydrochemical Properties (Independent of Conducting Rock)......Page 209
   14.2.1 Classification of Mineral and Medicinal Water......Page 211
  14.3 Classification According to Potential Use......Page 213
Part III: Applied Hydrogeology......Page 216
  15.1 Consultation and Expert-Opinion Reports......Page 217
  15.2 Preliminary Investigations......Page 218
   15.3.1 General Remarks......Page 219
   15.3.2 Determination of Groundwater Recharge Rates Using Lysimeters......Page 221
   15.3.5 Determination of Groundwater Recharge Rates from the Water-Balance Equations......Page 222
   15.3.6 Determination of Groundwater Recharge Rates from Hydroisopleths......Page 223
   15.3.10 Applicability of Determination Methods in Different Types of Investigated Areas......Page 224
    15.4.1.1 Geoelectric Measurements......Page 225
    15.4.1.5 Aero Method......Page 230
    15.4.2.1 Geoelectric Measurements (RES, EL, FEL, SP)......Page 231
    15.4.2.6 Sonic (or Acoustic) Log (SV)......Page 232
   15.5.1 Quality Criteria for Drilling and Development......Page 233
   15.5.2 Constructing Abstraction and Observation Wells......Page 234
   15.5.3 Calls for Tenders: German Experience......Page 235
   15.6.1 Dry Drilling......Page 239
   15.6.2 Hydraulic Circulation Drilling......Page 242
   15.6.3 Slanted and Horizontal Drilling......Page 243
   15.6.4 Borehole Blasting......Page 244
  16.1 Basic Principles of Geohydraulic Investigations......Page 245
    16.2.1.1 Determination According to Hazen......Page 247
    16.2.1.4 Calculation According to Beyer......Page 248
    16.2.2.2 Laboratory Test with Constant Pressure Head......Page 249
    16.3.1.1 Basic Principles of Pumping Tests......Page 251
     Determination of Lower Stagnation Point......Page 253
     Determination of Well Regime......Page 254
    16.3.1.3 Determination of Geohydraulic Parameters......Page 255
      Confined Groundwater......Page 256
      Graphic Methods......Page 257
      Unconfined Groundwater......Page 258
      Method According to Theis......Page 259
      Method According to Cooper and Jacob......Page 262
    16.3.1.4 General Remarks on Pumping Test Results......Page 265
     Open-End Tests Under Unsteady Flow Conditions......Page 266
     Open-End Test Using Overpressure......Page 267
    16.3.2.3 Hydraulic Test......Page 268
    16.3.2.4 Slug and Bail Test......Page 269
    16.3.2.7 Infiltration Tests......Page 270
    16.3.3.2 Unconfined Groundwater......Page 271
    16.3.3.3 Orientating Determination of Transmissivity According to Logan......Page 272
    16.3.3.4 Determination of Well-Specific Boundary Conditions Based on the Recovery Curve......Page 273
   16.4.1 Using Dye as a Tracer......Page 274
   16.4.2 Using Salt as a Tracer......Page 275
   16.4.7 Determination of Coefficient of Permeability Using Radioactive Isotopes in Wells......Page 276
  17.1 Water Exploitation in Areas with Water Shortages......Page 278
  17.2 Water Exploitation from Surface Waters and Their Surroundings......Page 280
  17.3 Water Exploitation Through Catchments of Springs, Percolation Systems and Galleries......Page 281
   17.4.1 Exploitation Through Shaft Wells......Page 282
   17.4.3 Exploitation Using Horizontal Collector Wells......Page 283
    17.4.4.1 Well Design......Page 284
    17.4.4.2 Development in Unconsolidated Rocks......Page 287
    17.4.4.3 Determination of Yield from an Partially Penetrated Well......Page 289
    17.4.4.5 Well-performance Tests......Page 290
  17.5 Water Exploitation or Sewage Disposal Using Percolation Systems......Page 291
  17.6 Rain Water Infiltration: German Experience......Page 295
  17.7 Catchment and Exploitation of Mineral, Medicinal and Thermal Waters......Page 296
  18.2 Groundwater Drawdown......Page 298
  18.3 Rise of Groundwater Level......Page 300
   19.1.1 Water Protection Areas......Page 301
    19.1.1.1 Zone I (Catchment Protection Area)......Page 302
    19.1.1.2 Zone II (Inner Protection Zone)......Page 303
   19.1.3 Medicinal-Spring Protection Area......Page 305
  19.2 Sources of Groundwater Contamination......Page 306
   19.2.1 Contamination with Solid Wastes......Page 308
   19.2.2 Contamination from Agricultural and Forestry Uses......Page 311
   19.2.5 Direct Contamination......Page 315
   19.2.6 Contamination from Road Traffic......Page 322
   19.2.7 Thermal Contamination......Page 323
   19.2.8 Contamination from Construction Works......Page 324
  19.3 Reduction of Groundwater Contamination......Page 325
   19.4.1 Yield Reductions Due to Groundwater Abstraction: Agricultural and Forestry Contexts......Page 329
   19.4.2 Building-Area Ground Damage Due to Groundwater Abstraction......Page 334
Appendix......Page 335
References......Page 338
 DIN Standards......Page 355
 DVGW-Publications......Page 357
Index......Page 360